<p>Mission San Luis de Apalachee  was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in 1656 in the Florida Panhandle, two miles west of the present-day Florida Capitol Building in Tallahassee, Florida. It was located in the descendent settlement of Anhaica  capital of Apalachee Province. The mission was part of Spain&#39;s effort to colonize the Florida Peninsula and to convert the Timucuan and Apalachee Indians to Christianity. The mission lasted until 1704 when it was evacuated and destroyed to prevent its use by an approaching militia of Creek Indians and South Carolinians.</p><br>
<p>The site where the mission stood was designated a USA National Historic Landmark on October 15, 1966. The State of Florida purchased the area in 1983. Archaeological and historical research continued for the next 15 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, a project began to reconstruct some of the mission buildings on the site, based on archeological and historical evidence. Today, Mission San Luis operates as a living-history museum with reconstructed Apalachee and Spanish buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Apalachee Province was one of the most powerful and wealthy chiefdoms or provinces in Florida and the Apalachee were the most stratified and populous native peoples in Florida, surpassing the Timucua, Potano, Tocobaga, and Calusa. The Apalachee were part of the Mississippian culture of mound builders and had well-established administrative and religious systems.</p><br>
<h2>First contact</h2><br>
<p>In 1528, Pánfilo de Narváez is the first recorded European presence in Apalachee setting up camp south of Anhaica near present-day St. Marks. In 1539, Hernando de Soto wintered at Anhaica (in present-day Tallahassee) celebrating the first Christmas in the North America. In 1607, some Apalachee Indians requested friars and the first ones visited in 1608. In 1612 the Apalachees made a formal request for a mission but the Spanish did not oblige. In 1625 Apalachees began to send food supplies overland to St. Augustine, the major point of Spanish control over shipping and defense of La Florida. The Spanish, however, needed the densely populated and extremely fertile Apalachee Province to provide labor and provisions for St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>In 1633, Pedro Muñoz and Francisco Martínez launched a formal mission effort in Apalachee Province at the request of Apalachee Chiefs&#39;. In 1638 the first of 3 or 4 soldiers came to Apalachee Province to explore for ports and purchase foodstuffs for the governor. No evidence has been discovered indicating a fort or garrison was built then.</p><br>
<h2>Spanish rule</h2><br>
<p>From 1645 to 1651 soldiers lived at Asile Hacienda on Apalachee Province&#39;s eastern border. The soldiers and deputy governor were both removed late in 1651 and did not return until mid-1654 under a new governor.</p><br>
<p>In 1656, Spanish authorities decided to establish their western capital on one of the regions highest hilltops for strategic purposes. The original 1633 San Luis was described by Spanish military authorities as extending for miles and being completely indefensible. The inhabitants of San Luis moved to the present site at the request of the Spaniards in 1656. The garrison was expanded to 12 and San Luiss chief promised to build a substantial blockhouse for them. Under pressure from other Apalachee, San Luis&#39;s chief said that 6 soldiers would suffice. Although the governor planned for further expansion of the garrison and building a regular fort, Apalachee opposition to the project stalled it for well over a generation. The blockhouse at San Luis was described in 1675 as a "fortified country house." From 1656 to 1680 the size of the garrison varied between 12, 19, and 25 men.</p><br>
<p>The Apalachee men and women were excellent agriculturists and provided much of the food for San Luis as well as for export to such places as St. Augustine and Havana. The majority of any construction needs were also completed by the Apalachee, including assisting with the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos. This was part of the repartimento, a colonial labor system imposed upon indigenous groups within territory claimed by the Spanish. These tasks pulled the Apalachee away from their own farms and homes, sometimes for months at a time.</p><br>
<p>The first deputy governor, Claudio Luis de Florencia, arrived in 1645. Luis de Florencia lived with his extended family at old San Luis. Nothing is known about the nature of his residence. By 1675 more than 1,400 Apalachee and several hundred Spanish lived under the jurisdiction of San Luis. There were very few Spanish women creating a situation where the Spanish soldiers frequently married Indian women as a means to Christianize the native population and make them more "civilized." While the size of most other Apalachee missions declined sharply over the years, the population of San Luis increased.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The buildings at San Luis included Spanish and Apalachee residential areas, the Franciscan Church and Spanish fort, as well as the native Council House, which is the largest known historic Indian structure in the southeastern United States at the time holding 2,000–3,000 people.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1680s, the blockhouse was pulled down and replaced with a temporary makeshift barracks. The garrison was then expanded to 40 men, and sometimes even more for special expeditions.</p><br>
<p>In 1688, San Marcos de Apalache at St. Marks was also built from lumber cut at San Luis, but it was left to rot when the skilled laborers were diverted to construct a fort in Apalachicola Province in 1689. This fort was staffed by 20 soldiers and 20 Apalachee warriors.</p><br>
<p>From 1695–1697 San Luis&#39;s new blockhouse was built. In mid-April 1696, the governor reported that it was completed except for one-third of the roof. Work was then suspended because of the spring planting.</p><br>
<p>In 1698, San Luis Apalachees were seriously alienated when Spaniards commandeered some of their houses and land; Spaniards also took lumber intended for church repairs and forced Indians to build houses for them.</p><br>
<p>In October 1702, an attempt to turn the blockhouse into a proper fort began after the defeat of a Spanish-Apalachee force on the Flint River. The fort would have a palisade and parapets, as well as a dry moat. It was apparently completed in 1703 despite the impact of a severe epidemic. At the end of July 1704, following a series of raids by English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their Creek allies throughout the Apalachee Territory, the Apalachee washed their hands of the Spanish. Unwilling to fight with the Spanish any longer, the Apalachee dispersed to the west, east, and north; some willingly, while many others were enslaved by the English. When San Luis was abandoned the Apalachee and Spanish together burned the fort and the entire village to the ground.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1996, Renker Eich Parks Architects, of St. Petersburg, Florida, with Herchel Sheperd, FAIA, undertook designing the reconstruction of many of the buildings in the mission using archeological and historical evidence to conjecture the architecture of the buildings to how they would originally have been built. The buildings that have since been reconstructed include the Church, the Convento, the Council House, the Chief&#39;s House, the Fort and Blockhouse, and a typical Spanish House as well as many minor features around the site. Many of these buildings were built directly atop their historical location.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Mission San Luis is a living history museum that features an artifact gallery of items recovered from the site, many reconstructed buildings, and third-person interpreters dressed in historical wardrobe. The site covers 64-acres and includes the history of the Mission and subsequent land holders.</p><br>
<p>The Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum is an art museum located in the historic Indian Dormitory building on Mackinac Island, Michigan. The museum&#39;s exhibits feature art inspired by Mackinac Island, including historic painting and maps, photographs from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, Native American art and beaded garments, and contemporary art and photography from area artists.</p><br>
<p>The museum is one of many attractions in Mackinac Island State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Indian Dormitory is a Federal-style structure built at USA government expense on Mackinac Island, Michigan, in 1838. It was a pioneering idea in building housing for Native Americans visiting the Indian agency on the island. The local Sons of Temperance chapter, Mackinac Division No. 23 (1847-1851), held weekly meetings there in a rented room in the Indian Dormitory between 1847 and 1848, before moving their meetings to the local Court House. From 1867 until 1960, it was used as a public school, and from 1966 until 2003 as a museum of Native American culture. On July 2, 2010, it opened as the Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum, operated by Mackinac State Historic Parks. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Henry Schoolcraft, Indian Agent</h3><br>
<p>The Indian Dormitory is a surviving fragment of the assimilationist vision of Henry Schoolcraft, the USA government official supervising Native American affairs and based at Mackinac Island. Schoolcraft noticed in the early 19th century that the culture of most Native Americans centered on the hunting and gathering of food, activities which were less productive in terms of food production than agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Schoolcraft believed that Native Americans could be persuaded to cede much of their hunting lands to the USA federal government, and that the government could reinvest some of the proceeds to be earned from reselling these lands to teach farming techniques to "the Indians." Other income from land sales could be used to support Native American families during the transitional period.</p><br>
<p>As the Indian Agent in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and later on Mackinac Island, Schoolcraft had seen that many of the Native Americans who travelled by foot or canoe to visit his agency were limited by necessity to portable, temporary shelters they could easily build. These did not seem adequate from the European-American point of view.</p><br>
<h3>Treaty of Washington, 1836</h3><br>
<p>As the Mackinac Island Indian Agent, Schoolcraft was able to persuade many Native Americans of Michigan Territory, especially members of the Ojibwa and Ottawa tribes, to sell most of the northern Lower Peninsula and eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the federal government. The exchange was sealed in the 1836 Treaty of Washington.</p><br>
<p>In exchange for the vast tract of land sold, the federal government promised to pay an annuity to affected Native Americans, provide training in farming and allied crafts, such as blacksmithing, and build a dormitory structure on Mackinac Island to which recognized Native Americans with tribal standing could come for shelter when doing business on Mackinac Island with the Indian Agency.</p><br>
<p>In fulfilment of this promise, the Indian Dormitory was built in 1838.</p><br>
<h3>Island schoolhouse</h3><br>
<p>After the expiration of the annuity schedule laid out in the 1836 treaty, Native Americans stopped coming to Mackinac Island in large numbers. The Indian Dormitory ceased to be of service in its original function.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, the building was adapted as a public school for the children of Mackinac Island of all ethnic groups. Serving as a schoolhouse from 1867 to 1960, the Thomas W. Ferry School provided classroom space to one of the most ethnically diverse populations in Michigan.</p><br>
<p>By 1960, the wooden building could not meet the standards of school safety required by law. The school building, with its Schoolcraft heritage, had long been surrounded by Mackinac Island State Park property, and in 1963 it was purchased by the Park Commission.</p><br>
<h3>Building restoration</h3><br>
<p>Although Henry R. Schoolcraft&#39;s role in American frontier history could be criticized by a later generation as racist, Schoolcraft had a strong interest in the Ojibwa religion, mythology, and culture. Schoolcraft energetically collected local Ojibwa stories and tales, many of which his mixed-race wife Jane Johnston Schoolcraft either told or translated for him. All of his books were published under his name, with little credit to her or her family.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow studied the Schoolcraft couple&#39;s works for themes and inspiration for his epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. To Americans of European ancestry, this Romantic poem and its title character were authentic windows into the spiritual life of the "American Indian."</p><br>
<p>In homage to this poem and its sentimental view of Ojibwa culture, in 1964-1965 the Mackinac Island State Park renovated the interior of the Indian Dormitory to serve as a museum of Native American culture and Hiawatha imagery. The exterior was restored to its original 1838 appearance, and the structure was opened to the public in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Mackinac Island Art Museum</h2><br>
<p>From 1966 until 2003, the Indian Dormitory served as a museum featuring period settings depicting its service as the Indian Dormitory (1838–1846) on its lower levels, and offering an exhibit of Great Lakes Native American culture on the top floor. By the end of this period, the Hiawatha theme was reinterpreted as a classic example of cultural appropriation and, thus, was viewed as no longer appropriate for public use. Schoolcraft and Longfellow had synchretically mashed together images, names, and narratives from different Native American peoples and nations. In 2000 the second-floor exhibit space was closed, and in 2003 the State Park expanded the closure to include the first floor and basement.</p><br>
<p>After visitation ceased, the State Park carried out a study to plan the structures future. Mackinac State Historic Parks announced plans in late 2008 to refit and reopen the Indian Dormitory as a museum featuring Straits of Mackinac art and culture. The interior was extensively rebuilt in 2008-2010 to add climate controls suitable for archival preservation of the collection on display. The exterior was restored to reflect the structures 1838 appearance and function. The structure reopened on July 2, 2010, as the Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Dormitory has been added to the National Register of Historic Places, and is a contributing property to Mackinac Island&#39;s overall status as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Pendarvis is a historic site located in Mineral Point, Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The site, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is made up of several 19th century stone and timber cabins built by Cornish immigrants who came to Mineral Point to mine lead and zinc. Today the site is owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society and serves as a museum of Wisconsin&#39;s early lead mining history. Programs at the site also interpret the groundbreaking preservation work by Robert Neal and Edgar Hellum, begun during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 1830s and 1840s, the area that today comprises southwest Wisconsin and northwest Illinois was rapidly populated as miners came from across the United States and Europe to work the regions abundant lead deposits. Several mining boomtowns sprang up in the region, including Galena, Illinois; Platteville, Wisconsin; and Mineral Point, the location of Pendarvis. During the height of the mining era, the population of Mineral Point rose to over 4,000 as people migrated to the city to work in the lead mines. Many of the immigrants who came to Mineral Point were tin miners from Cornwall, at the southwestern tip of Great Britain. Many of the Cornish immigrants built simple houses in the town using wood or limestone taken from the local landscape. As time went on, however, the lead mines were exhausted and many of the miners moved on to other mining sites, especially California following the discovery of gold at Sutters Mill in 1848. Other miners stayed in the area to mine zinc, which was also abundant, but by the early 20th century the zinc mines were also being abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, many of the old cabins built by the Cornish miners were being torn down. Seeing this, a local resident named Robert Neal, together with Edgar Hellum, began to acquire and restore several of the old Cornish buildings. Neal and Hellum also gave Cornish-language names to each of the buildings they restored. They called their first project, a 1-story stone cabin, Pendarvis. In order to support the restoration of other buildings, Pendarvis House was turned into a restaurant serving authentic Cornish dishes such as Cornish pasty. The Pendarvis House Restaurant received wide acclaim, and helped finance Neal and Hellum&#39;s restoration of even more historic Cornish homes in Mineral Point.</p><br>
<p>Following the restoration, the Pendarvis historic site included six cabins built by English and Cornish miners during the 1840s and 1850s. The Pendarvis house itself was built of locally quarried limestone and has walls that are 18 to 20 inches thick. Beside the Pendarvis house is the Trelawny, a 2-story cottage of similar construction. Nearby is Polperro, a -story house using stone for its first story and wood for its upper floors. Another Pendarvis building is the Rowhouse, which consists of three adjacent stone structures. The first house in the row was built as a free-standing building circa 1841. The second house was also built as a free-standing building circa 1844 or 1845. The final house, built between the other two houses and connecting to them, was built circa 1852.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>The collection of buildings restored by Neal and Hellum was transferred to the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1970. A year later, they were opened to the public as the Pendarvis Historic Site. In addition to the cottages, the Wisconsin Historical Society acquired several acres of land on nearby Merry Christmas Mine Hill, the site of a historic zinc mine. Remnants of the mining activity are still visible, but much of the hill has been restored to natural prairie. Visitors to the site can explore the hill on a number of foot trails. The historic buildings are shown to the visiting public seasonally as a museum preserving the history of the region&#39;s mining industry and the lives of the miners who first developed the site. Many artifacts are on display in the buildings, including authentic mining tools and household items.</p><br>
<p>Ardenwood Historic Farm is a Regional Historic Landmark in Fremont, California. It is managed by the East Bay Regional Park District. The Ardenwood Historic Farm consists of the Ardenwood Station, the former Ohlone village and burial site, a blacksmith shop, an area with farm animals, Patterson House, and a gazebo. The Ardenwood Farm today is a working farm, producing grain and vegetables.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Officially opened to the public on July 28, 1985, the entire park includes a farm, a large forest and a mansion now called the Patterson House. Patterson called his estate "Ardenwood", after the forested area in England mentioned in Shakespeare&#39;s play, As You Like It.</p><br>
<h3>Patterson House</h3><br>
<p>George W. Patterson was born in Pennsylvania in 1822 and came to California as a forty-niner during the California Gold Rush. He came to Alameda County in 1851, after not having success in mining. The original house was a two-story farmhouse built in redwood and having a rectangular floor plan and a gable roof. The original structure is now seen as the dining room, smoking room, pantry, half bath, and two upstairs bedrooms and a full bathroom.</p><br>
<p>There were two subsequent additions to the house. In sometimes around c.1883–1889, a Queen Anne style addition designed by noted architect Samuel Newsom, and funded by Patterson and his wife Clara. During the c.1883–1889 renovation they extended the size of the house and enclosed the porch to the south for a full two stories and the house size was doubled.</p><br>
<p>The second addition came in c.1910–1915 when Patterson&#39;s son Henry and his wife Sarah remodeled with the construction of a two-story wood-framed addition containing a kitchen and upper floor bedroom.</p><br>
<p>A portrait painting of a woman was found in the attic of the Patterson House, it is thought to be by artist John Koch of a relative of the Patterson family, May Morgan.</p><br>
<h3>Ardenwood Station</h3><br>
<p>A feature of the park is the Railroad Museum at Ardenwood which operates a narrow gauge railroad, which is a recreation of a historic local branch of the South Pacific Coast Railroad. The museum has a collection of narrow gauge railroad cars and other artifacts of 19th-century railroading. The museum is run by the Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources.</p><br>
<h3>Farm</h3><br>
<p>The local area was in agricultural usage beginning sometime in the 1850s. The Ardenwood Farm locale was characterized first for its use as grazing land and dairy production, and gradually became increasingly dedicated to wheat and vegetable production. At the time of Patterson&#39;s death in 1895, the ranch was 3,000 acres, one of the largest in the area.</p><br>
<p>A review of available aerial photographs by Earth Metrics reveals that the area immediately to the south was used for agricultural purposes from at least 1960 until some time in the late 1970s cultivated with a grain crop. No discrete rows are visible in the aerial photographs of that time. The Alameda family was a prominent occupant in the area for much of the period of agricultural land use. Mel Alameda of The Alameda Company confirmed to Earth Metrics that while cauliflower has been the dominant historic crop for the area, hay and grazing were the primary use later and until the late 1970s. Based on the lack of visible rows on the aerial photos, it is most probable that the area to the south was used for hay production rather than cauliflower.</p><br>
<h2>Holidays and events</h2><br>
<p>The park has hosted many events, a Celtic festival, an Independence Day celebration, the Railroad Fair on Memorial Day, a Renaissance Faire in September, The Harvest Festival, annual Rail Fair, and pumpkin patch in October, and many Halloween celebrations, complete with a haunted railroad. Among other crops, in the fall the farm harvests a large pumpkin patch.</p><br>
<p>The Aquitania is a luxury, 82-unit cooperative apartment building in the Margate Park neighborhood of the Uptown community of Chicago, Illinois. It is officially designated on the National Register of Historic Places by The United States Department of the Interior. The name was likely a nod to the Cunard transatlantic express ocean liner, RMS Aquitania, which entered service in 1914 and was one of the most popular ships on the North Atlantic in the 1920s, sailing until 1949.</p><br>
<p>The Aquitania, known legally as the 5000 North Marine Drive Corporation, was built by Ralph C. Harris and Byron H. Jillson in the Classical Revival style. Its developer was George K. Spoor, the co-founder of Essanay Studios and a producer of silent movies during the first two decades of the 20th century. At that time, Chicago rivaled both New York City and Hollywood in film production, and Spoor was able to use his considerable wealth to plan and develop a property, which he felt was befitting the celebrities connected with Chicagos growing entertainment industry. A legend, which purports that Essanay Studio actors Charlie Chaplin and Gloria Swanson once resided at The Aquitania, is likely unfounded. This probable factual inaccuracy reflects nothing more than film lore since all silent film production left Chicagos Essanay studios for southern California by 1918 at the very latest, and The Aquitania was not built until 1923, although there are historical accounts of both silent-film era stars staying as guests at The Aquitania when it was a hotel in its earliest days.</p><br>
<p>When the Aquitania was built, it was situated directly on the Lake Michigan shore; subsequent development of both Lake Shore Drive and the lakefront park have moved the shore some two blocks east of the building. The fifteen-story building has a courtyard and an Art Moderne lobby. Construction was completed in 1923, and it became a cooperative in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The Ghent District is a historic neighborhood in Norfolk, Virginia. It comprises Ghent, West Ghent, and Ghent Square. Other portions of surrounding neighborhoods are often attributed to Ghent as an extension of its commerce including Chelsea, North Colley Avenue, and active gentrification into portions of Park Place to the north, labelled The Railroad District.</p><br>
<p>Ghent&#39;s boundaries to the south are Mowbray Arch/Brambleton Avenue along The Hague and the Neon District, the Elizabeth River to the west, Monticello Avenue on the east, and the railroad crossing at 22nd Street to the North.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A commonly referenced story claims that around 1810 a man named J. Moran became the owner of a swath of land along the Elizabeth River. By some accounts, Mr. Moran became inspired by the conclusion of the War of 1812 and James Madisons ratification of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the conflict, and decided to name his estate "Ghent" in honor of the peace treaty. Another widely accepted story claims that in the 1830s a Norfolk resident, Commodore Richard Drummond, purchased the farmland south of the city from Mr. Moran, however, it was not yet named. Drummond purportedly owned the ship on which the Treaty of Ghent was transported back to America. Proud of this honor, Drummond is said to have built his new home on the land he had purchased and named it "Ghent" to commemorate the occasion. The first of the homes to make up the neighborhood were built along this portion of the river known as Smiths Creek. The street "Drummond Place" in Ghent bears his name.</p><br>
<p>Two Dutchmen are responsible for transforming that farmland into the streets of Ghent we have today. J. P. Andre Mottu immigrated to America from The Netherlands in 1890. He worked for the Norfolk Company, partially owned by Adolphe Boissevain, a visionary and investor in American railroads and real estate. At this time the land on which Drummond built his home was connected to Norfolk only by a single pedestrian bridge. Mottu and Boissevain, attracted by the waterfront, envisioned the area modeled after their home in The Netherlands, and so renamed Smiths Creek after The Hague in South Holland, as for the neighborhood, the name Ghent would stick. Marshlands in this area were filled and the shoreline given a semicircular shape to mimic the canals of their Dutch homeland. Mottu and Boissevains plan for Ghent successfully exploited the areas strategic waterfront location, providing views over the creek to the grass banks on the opposite shore. The resulting street, Mowbray Arch, soon became the favored location for the stately houses of Norfolks middle and upper-middle-class residents. Development was rapid over the next decade, and spread to encompass over thirty blocks, most of what is now considered Historic Ghent.</p><br>
<p>The Ghent Historic District is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood went into steep decline in the years following World War II as a result of white flight and urban blight. Upper and middle class families flocked from the city to suburbia for reasons mostly associated with racial self-segregation. During this time, much of the neighborhood fell into disrepair; blight became so severe that portions of Ghent were referred to as slums by then Mayor of Norfolk, Pretlow Darden. As of today only a few of the areas original public buildings remain with the notable exceptions of Maury High School and the Van Wyck branch of the Norfolk Public Library due to extensive urban renewal programs that followed a raze and rebuild tactic as a part of Franklin D. Roosevelts broader New Deal ideology. Norfolk secured its first grant for urban renewal in 1949; renewal was extensively focused on preservation of the Ghent neighborhood. Under these programs, as well as implementation of numerous housing codes over the course of two decades the neighborhood had been successful in its gentrification and revitalization efforts by the mid-1970s. Gentrification continues to spread out northward and eastward from Ghent proper to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Parks and Recreation</h3><br>
<p>Portions of the Elizabeth River Trail run through the Ghent collective</p><br>
<p>Ghent Dog Park is located in the portion of the neighborhood known as Stockley Gardens</p><br>
<p>Raleigh Avenue Playground</p><br>
<p>Fergus Reid Tennis Park</p><br>
<h3>Arts</h3><br>
<p>Located in Ghents commercial district is Naro Theater, opened on February 24, 1936 as The Colley Theater. Today the theater screens foreign and independent films. The Naro Theater is also the stage for a recurring Rocky Horror Picture Show shadow cast, purportedly one of the longest-running in the country, at over 30 years of consistent monthly productions. Also within Ghents commercial district are multiple independent art galleries displaying and selling local artists&#39; works.</p><br>
<p>Norfolk&#39;s major art museum is the Chrysler Museum of Art. The museum features more than 50 galleries, a restaurant and catering facilities.</p><br>
<p>Across from the Chrysler Museum is Virginia Opera&#39;s home stage, the Harrison Opera House.</p><br>
<p>Ghent celebrates several cultural and art festivals which include Ghent Pride Festival each June, and the annual St. Patrick’s Day street festival. The Bi-annual Stockley Gardens Arts Festival operates in the spring and fall.</p><br>
<h3>Culinary</h3><br>
<p>On Monticello Avenue, Doumars Cones and BBQ famously created the ice cream cone, and the worlds first waffle ice cream cone machine. They have been selling them in the same location since 1934.</p><br>
<h3>Healthcare</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood hosts Hampton Roads largest medical complex, and only Level 1 trauma center, containing Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Sentara Heart Hospital, Childrens Hospital of the King&#39;s Daughters, and Eastern Virginia Medical School. The first open-heart surgery in Virginia was performed at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital in 1967, and the first baby in the United States conceived by in vitro fertilization, was born there in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>Due to its low elevation and vulnerability to coastal storms, the Norfolk area is at risk of rising sea levels.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew Geary House is a wood-framed single family home located at 7248 Market Street in the city of Mackinac Island, Michigan built about 1846.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lot this house stands on was first platted in 1811, and sold to John Ogilvy. The parcel passed through multiple owners in the next few decades, including the American Fur Company, until it was purchased by Matthew Geary (1807–1873) in the mid-1840s.</p><br>
<p>Geary was a prominent citizen of Mackinac Island, having been elected fish inspector for the island. He was also elected as a village trustee in 1848, and held other elective positions on the island. Geary constructed this house in about 1846.</p><br>
<p>Following Geary&#39;s death on March 8, 1873, the house was passed to his family. The Geary House remained in the Geary family until 1968, when it was purchased by the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, the current owner as of 2016. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Matthew Geary House is a two-story, side-gabled frame house with an entrance porch topped with a balustrade and an enclosed side porch. Its raised basement, an architectural response to bedrock close to the surface, is characteristic of traditional Mackinac Island architecture. A rear addition, and the glassed-in side sun porch, are not original to the house. The basement can be accessed via a short flight of steps from the outside of the building.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the main floor contains a centran hall and staircase and four surrounding rooms. The kitchen is located in the rear to the east room, and a parlor/bedroom is located in the front to the east. On the west side of the house hall is a large combination living-dining room, and the rear sunporch is located behind this room. The second floor contains four bedrooms, two on either side of the central hall. A bathroom is located at the rear within the two-story addition.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Place is a residential neighborhood in Norfolk, Virginia. It is a peninsula bordered by 38th Street on the south, and surrounded on three sides by the Lafayette River. It is a relatively racially mixed area that includes mostly single family homes and a few apartment buildings. Many large homes front the water and Mayflower Road arches around the shore of the river.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Place Historic District is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Park Place is a neighborhood in the western half of Norfolk, Virginia. Its boundaries are roughly Granby Street on the east, Colley Avenue on the west, 23rd Street on the south and up to  38th Street to the north. Within these boundaries Park Place is made up of 4 historic subdivisions; Virginia Place, East Kensington, Park Place, and East Old Dominion Place.</p><br>
<p>The Park Place Historic District is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and enlarged in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The von KleinSmid Mansion was built for the von KleinSmid family of the DeKalb County city of Sandwich, Illinois, in the mid-nineteenth century. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The building is located on Sandwich&#39;s West Center Street, and is under private ownership.</p><br>
<p>It was the childhood home of Rufus B. von KleinSmid, former President and Chancellor of the University of Southern California (1921-1947, 1947-1964). He became known for his work in international relations and encouragement of foreign students at USC, as well as accomplishing a major capital building program. In the early 20th century, while studying criminal psychology, he became a passionate supporter of eugenics.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandria Canal was a canal in the United States that connected the city of Alexandria to Georgetown in the District of Columbia.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, merchants from Alexandria (which at the time was within the jurisdiction of the federal District of Columbia) proposed linking their city to Georgetown to capitalize on the new Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O Canal). Congress granted a charter to the Alexandria Canal Company in 1830. Construction began in 1833 and was completed in 1843.</p><br>
<p>The Aqueduct Bridge (also begun in 1833 and completed in 1843) enabled canal boats from the C&O Canal to cross the Potomac River without descending to the river level. The boats would then continue their trips downstream on a canal on the southwest side of the Potomac until they reached Alexandria&#39;s seaport.</p><br>
<p>The canal ran southwards for seven miles through today&#39;s Arlington County and City of Alexandria, Virginia, dropping 38 feet through a series of four locks between Washington Street and the Potomac River in the northern portion of Alexandria. The Canal ended at a Tidal Basin (Pool No. 1) and a Tidal Lock (Lift Lock No. 1) located at the north end of Old Town Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>The canal was abandoned in 1886. Ten years after the canal closed, an electric trolley line was constructed in 1896 in Arlington on the bed of the towpath that traveled near and along the canals west side (see: Washington-Mount Vernon line of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway). Arlingtons South Eads Street now approximates the canal&#39;s route in this area.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1896, the Washington Southern Railway opened a line that traveled between the southern end of the Long Bridge and the southern end of the Aqueduct Bridge. The line, which passed the present site of The Pentagon, traveled within the grade of the former canal in the area that lies between Arlington National Cemetery and the Potomac River. The line became in 1904 the Rosslyn Connecting Railroad, which the Pennsylvania Railroad owned through a subsidiary, the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad (PB&W).(2) (3) (4)</p><br>
<p>(5) (6) 1942 map showing the Rosslyn Connecting Railroad, the planned route of Virginia State Route 110 (below the railroad), The Pentagon building and Arlington National Cemetery:</p><br>
<p>The Rosslyn Connecting Railroad abandoned nearly all of its line in 1962 and closed in 1969. The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority then constructed an open section of Metrorails Blue Line along a portion of the railroads route that had traveled within the canal&#39;s grade. The section of the Blue Line opened on July 1, 1977.</p><br>
<p>After the Key Bridge was completed in 1923, the old superstructure of the Aqueduct Bridge was removed. During the 1980s, Alexandria City archaeologists and the developer of the neighboring Trans-Potomac Canal Center excavated the Tidal Basin and Lock and covered the original remnants with a reconstruction. Aside from these two features, the abutments of the Aqueduct Bridge in Georgetown and Rosslyn, and a pier of the bridge in the Potomac River upstream of the Key Bridge, all of the canal&#39;s remnants have either been removed or remain underground.</p><br>
<p>The Nichols House Museum is a museum at 55 Mount Vernon Street on Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. The house in which it is located was designed by the architect Charles Bulfinch, and built by Jonathan Mason, the politician, in 1804. The building was renovated in 1830. The museum is named for Rose Standish Nichols , the renowned landscape gardener, suffragist, pacifist, and member of the Cornish Art Colony, who lived in the house between 1885 and 1960. She left the house to be used as a museum after her death. The museum preserves the lifestyle of the American upper class during Nichols&#39; lifetime, with turn-of-the-century period rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Mexican War Streets, originally known as the "Buena Vista Tract," is a historic district that is located in the Central Northside neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The district is densely filled with restored row houses, community gardens, and tree-lined streets and alleyways. The area dates to around the time of the Mexican–American War and a number of streets are named after battles and generals of the war.</p><br>
<h2>Brief history</h2><br>
<p>During the late nineteenth century, Allegheny, Pennsylvania (later annexed by Pittsburgh), became known for its stately homes that were occupied by some of the area&#39;s wealthy families. One such area became known as the Mexican War Streets. It was developed from land owned by William Robinson Jr., an ex-mayor of the city of Allegheny, who subdivided the property into streets and lots in 1847. Surveys for the development were made by Alexander Hays.</p><br>
<p>A number of the streets are named after battles and generals of the Mexican–American War, including Buena Vista Street (named for the Battle of Buena Vista), Monterey Street (for the Battle of Monterrey), Palo Alto Street (for the Battle of Palo Alto), Resaca Place (for the Battle of Resaca de la Palma), Sherman Avenue (for Thomas W. Sherman), and Taylor Avenue (for Zachary Taylor). Fremont Street (currently Brighton Place) had been named in recognition of John C. Frémont.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district designation</h2><br>
<p>The 27 acre district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 with 119 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the district. In 2008, the district&#39;s listing was increased to include an additional 288 contributing buildings over a 25.7 acre area. It was expanded again in 2018, when the Allegheny County Court of</p><br>
<p>Common Pleas overturned the decision of the Pittsburgh City Council to deny the district&#39;s expansion.</p><br>
<p>The general boundaries of the Mexican War Streets Historic District are Brighton Road to Federal Street (on the east and west) and North Avenue to Jefferson Street (on the south and north). As part of the designation, all exterior alterations to buildings within the Historic District that are visible from a public street or way must be reviewed and approved by the City of Pittsburgh&#39;s Historic Review Commission.</p><br>
<p>The American Precision Museum is located in the renovated 1846 Robbins & Lawrence factory on South Main Street in Windsor, Vermont. The building is said to be the first USA factory at which precision interchangeable parts were made, giving birth to the precision machine tool industry. In recognition of this history, the building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. In 1987, the building was recognized by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as an International Heritage Site, and the collection was recognized as an International Heritage Collection. For each of these designations, the armory was considered a site where pivotal events occurred in the history of American industry, as well as a place that lends itself to comprehensive interpretation of that history.</p><br>
<p>A "machine tool" is a machine which makes parts to other machines, such as screws or gun stocks. Lathes, milling machines, and drill presses are examples of precision machine tools. The museum has the largest collection of historically significant machine tools in the United States. The museum&#39;s holdings include a collection of industrial machinery spanning the first one hundred years of precision manufacturing, along with fine examples of early machined products including rifles, sewing machines, and typewriters. Photographs and archival records provide additional resources for interpreting this critical phase of the Industrial Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open daily from 10am until 5pm from May 1 through October.</p><br>
<h2>History of the building</h2><br>
<h3>Robbins and Lawrence Armory</h3><br>
<p>Richard S. Lawrence, a brilliant mechanic, moved to Windsor in 1838 at age 21 and started making guns in the Windsor Prison. He joined Nicanor Kendall, who had a gun-making shop, and together started a new company. Four years later businessman Samuel E. Robbins came to Windsor. In 1846, Samuel Robbins, Nicanor Kendall, and Richard Lawrence took the bold step of bidding on a government contract for 10,000 rifles.</p><br>
<p>Having won the contract, they then constructed a four-story brick building beside Mill Brook. Over the next eight years, the factory was built and machines to make precision parts were made. They brought in workers and mechanics, invented new machines, adapted old ones, and perfected techniques for producing interchangeable parts. Later, Lawrence bought out Kendall. Within a few years, they were exporting not only rifles but also their new metal cutting machines across North America, to England and around the world. The technology for making guns was quickly adapted to making consumer products as well as parts for many other machines</p><br>
<p>The imposing, four-story structure rises from a stone foundation adjacent to a brook that provided immediate and efficient use of waterpower. Inside, power was distributed throughout each floor with line shafting; the shafts were connected to individual machines by leather belts. Abundant windows and the buildings narrow width relative to its length (40’ x 100’), brought daylight into the interior work areas. Outside, the immediate neighborhood is still home to worker housing that was built at various times in the factorys history. The nearby Connecticut River and the active railroad attest to the importance of transportation in the development of the site.</p><br>
<h3>The Armory Building: 1866–1964</h3><br>
<p>The building operated as a cotton mill beginning in 1866 for nearly two decades, before returning to manufacturing machine tools in 1888. Ten years later the property was sold to the Windsor Electric Light Company, before being sold to the Central Vermont Public Service Company in 1926.</p><br>
<h3>The Museum: 1966 - Present</h3><br>
<p>In 1964, CVPS proposed razing the building, prompting Smithsonian curator and Windsor resident, to formulate plans for the creation of a museum. Battison had a relationship with CVPS, storing various items in the building since the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Windsor native Battison founded the American Precision Museum in 1966 and served as its director until 1991. Battison, a curator of Mechanical Engineering at the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution, secured the Robbins & Lawrence Armory to house the museum and the collection of historic machine tools, related books, and archival materials he had collected during his lifetime.</p><br>
<p>The armory building is significant for its architectural integrity, which reflects the size, scale, and operation of a 19th-century factory. A National Historic Landmark, in 2001 it was designated a special project of Save America’s Treasures; in 2003, APM received a Save America’s Treasures award of $200,000 for installing a new slate roof to replace the deteriorated original.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy of Robbins and Lawrence</h2><br>
<h3>Early Manufacturing and the “American System”</h3><br>
<p>The first phase of the Industrial Revolution was introduced in America during the late 18th century and was modeled on the English system of textile manufacturing. In 1846, when the Armory was built, the second phase of the Industrial Revolution—the “American System”—was about to be launched. In the remote village of Windsor, entrepreneurs and artisans had already constructed a series of dams that powered sawmills and a gristmill on the Mill Brook, 18 buildings and shops in total. In these small workshops, inventors developed designs for new products as well as making both new and old items more quickly. In Windsor and other towns up and down the Connecticut River Valley (known as the Precision Valley), new industries attracted more people and stimulated the creation of commercial downtowns. Mills, stores, and homes were clustered between the river and the steep hillsides.</p><br>
<h3>Robbins & Lawrence Impact</h3><br>
<p>There are two reasons that Robbins & Lawrence can be considered as founders of the precision tool industry. In 1851, Robbins and Lawrence traveled to London to demonstrate their rifles at the Great Exhibition, held in London&#39;s Crystal Palace. The rifles were made in Windsor using interchangeable parts. They won a medal and so impressed the British Army that they placed an order for 25,000 rifles for the Crimean War and also ordered 141 of the Robbins & Lawrence metal-working machines making the firm the first large-scale exporter of machine tools.</p><br>
<p>The second reason Robbins & Lawrence can be credited with the birth of the precision tool industry is the number of people who were employed at the factory that went on to work at, or found, other companies. J.W. Roe produced a "Genealogy of the Robbins & Lawrence Shop" which is reproduced here, with permission, from Lindsay Publications. With the development of interchangeable parts, machines of all sorts could be made in large numbers and sold more cheaply. The manufacture of sewing machines, typewriters, bicycles, engines and cars soon followed. Precision machine tools which makes standardized parts make the mechanical equipment of our modern world.</p><br>
<h3>Windsor, Vermont and Precision Manufacturing</h3><br>
<p>Windsor, Vermont played an important role in the development of precision manufacturing and the machine tool industry in America. The Robbins & Lawrence armory served as a breeding ground for innovation in the mid-19th century and as a center for excellence in the high tech industry of its day. Military leaders and industrialists traveled to Windsor to learn about the new “American System” of manufacturing, and workers from Windsor were aggressively recruited by other emerging industries. By continually increasing productivity, the machine tool industry spread the notion that material abundance was possible for a broad cross section of the American people. At its full maturity in the mid 20th century, the machine tool industry provided the backbone of American industrial strength and helped the United States develop into a world power.</p><br>
<h2>Past exhibits</h2><br>
<p>1995: Maxfield Parrish: Machinist, Artisan, Artist. Mr. Battisons friendship with the artists son Maxfield Parrish Jr. had helped bring to the museum a number of interesting artifacts and photographs which represented the life and interests of the artist After the death of the younger Mr. Parrish in 1983. his widow, Helen Parrish, continued the family&#39;s generosity and donated to the museum additional Parrish materials. In 1985, the museum received another group of Parrish materials from Mrs. Alma Gilbert. on behalf of the Maxfield Parrish Museum, which had been operating across the river in Plainfield, New Hampshire, but was closing that year.</p><br>
<p>1997: Pedal Power: The Bicycle in Industry and Society</p><br>
<p>1999: Carriage Wheels to Cadillac&#39;s: Henry Leland and the Quest for Precision</p><br>
<p>2004: Building for Invention</p><br>
<p>2006: The Cutting Edge: Machines that Shaped Our World</p><br>
<p>2007: Doodles, Drafts, and Designs: Industrial Drawings from the Smithsonian</p><br>
<p>2007: Windsor Post-Pastoral: The Changing Landscape of the Birthplace of Vermont</p><br>
<p>2008-2011: From Muskets to Motorcars: Yankee Ingenuity and the Road to Mass Production</p><br>
<p>2010:</p><br>
<p>2011:</p><br>
<p>2012- 2014: The Civil War Sesquicentennial at the American Precision Museum: In 2012, the museum opened two new exhibitions commemorating the 150th anniversary of the USA Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Full Duty: The Civil War Collection of Howard Coffin presents the first-ever exhibition from the private collection of Vermont&#39;s foremost Civil War historian and author. Featuring letters, diaries, photographs, maps, paintings, and newspapers, the exhibition explores the day-to-day life of Vermont soldiers in camp and on the battlefield. These artifacts and images explore how the actions and decisions of ordinary people can have an enormous impact on historic events.</p><br>
<p>Arming the Union: Gunmakers in Windsor, Vermont uncovers the influence of a little-known factory called Lamson, Goodnow & Yale, founded by Ebenezer G. Lamson, and Burrage Buchanan Yale, son of manufacturer Burrage Yale. Operating out of the old Robbins & Lawrence armory in Windsor, the machine tool firm played a critical role in outfitting the Union Army. Altogether, the North produced more than 1.5 million rifles in the span of about three years, along with tens of thousands of pistols and carbines. The majority of those weapons were made using machinery designed and produced in Windsor. Arming the Union tells the story of the men and machines that made possible the production of guns on such a massive scale—the story of the technological achievement that saved the Union.</p><br>
<p>The two stories also overlap—and not simply because Vermont soldiers, like most in the Union Army, carried weapons produced on Vermont-made machinery. Half a dozen young men actually worked in the Windsor armory before shouldering rifles and heading off to war. Both exhibits are set inside the actual nineteenth-century factory building where the gunmaking machinery was perfected and built and where 50,000 Special Model 1861 rifle muskets were also produced by Lamson, Goodnow & Yale, in partnership with Samuel Colt. Together these two exhibitions present a rarely seen view of Vermont&#39;s role in the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>2017: Tribute to Brown and Sharpe</p><br>
<h2>Current Exhibits</h2><br>
<h3>2008 - Present: Working Machine Shop (known as the Innovation Station)</h3><br>
<h3>2015 - Present: Tool Revolution</h3><br>
<h3>2016 - Present: Shaping America: Machines and Machinists at Work</h3><br>
<p>This 4,000 square-foot exhibition focuses on the people whose work made great societal changes possible and the rise of the “American System” of manufacturing. “Shaping America” is the first comprehensive exhibition to examine Vermont&#39;s industrial history in-depth and explores the broad themes of innovation and problem solving, craftsmanship, and the influence of precision manufacturing upon American history and culture. Precision manufacturing reinforced the growth of the American middle class and laid the foundation for the consumer culture that developed during the 19th and 20th centuries. The program was supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</p><br>
<h3>2017 - Present: Learning Lab</h3><br>
<p>The Savage Mill is a historic cotton mill complex in Savage, Maryland, which has been turned into a complex of shops and restaurants. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is located in the Savage Mill Historic District. Buildings in the complex date from 1822 to 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The mill property is part of a land grant named Ridgeleys Forest, surveyed on June 3, 1685, by Colonel Henry Ridgley, a future justice of the peace for Anne Arundel who arrived in the colonies in 1659. The property was occupied by Alexander Warfields (1677–1745) son who transferred it to his cousin, Alexander Warfield (of John) (1704–1740). In 1750, Alexander constructed an early mill along the river at the falls and passed it along to his sons Brice Warfield and John Worthington. The mill was not run profitably and was sold to Francis Simpson (1721-1804) along with portions of "Warfields Range" along the Little Patuxent in 1760. Simpson acquired several local plantation properties and was noted in the 1790 and 1800 Anne Arundel County Census having 16-17 enslaved people working for him by 1800.</p><br>
<h2>The cotton mill</h2><br>
<p>Commodore Joshua Barney had a colorful career as a sailor, merchant and privateer ranging from Philadelphia harbor to Jamaica. He acquired the land we know as Savage when it was still part of Anne Arundel county, referencing it in letters as being at "Elkridge" (The name the nearest port at Elkridge Landing). In 1809, Nathaniel F. Williams (1782–1864) married Caroline Barney, daughter of Joshua Barney, who lived at the Commodore Joshua Barney House built in 1760.</p><br>
<p>The mill was started next to the Barney house in 1810 by brothers Nathanael F. Williams, Amos Adams Williams (1776-), Cumberland Dugan Williams (1781-) and George Williams (1778-). Shortly after starting the enterprise, Joshua Barney and Nathaniel Williams participated in the War of 1812, with Nathanial becoming wounded at the Battle of North Point and Barney wounded at the Battle of Bladensburg. A close family association to the founders of Savage and Dugan is evident in Cumberland Dugan Williams naming. Savage financed the Williams brothers the money to start the business and bought the mill outright in 1823 for $6,667.67. James E. P. Boulden</p><br>
<p>In December 1821 the mill was chartered as the Savage Manufacturing Company. The main product was cotton duck, used for sailcloth and a wide variety of other uses. On March 26, 1824, $12,000 was loaned from the Bank of Baltimore to expand operations. The mill had established itself early on as a premier site of manufacturing product and machinery for the east coast as noted in an 1825 letter from Daniel Lammott to E.I. Du Pont stating "it would be the best and largest establishment in the country." Most workers were women who were on lockdown throughout their shifts posing a risk of certain peril if a fire broke out. A messenger would deliver notes if communications were needed or they could speak through a small window in the locked door.</p><br>
<p>By 1829 Amos Williams combined "Whites Contrivance", "Brothers In Partnership", and "Williams Discovery" to expand the mill town to 980 acres. The parcel was named "Conclusion", which was joined with Charles Alexander Warfields "Wincopin Neck" upstream to form a dam on the Little Patuxent River, which runs adjacent to the mill property. Money was loaned to by additional land from Mrs. Dorsey. Amos managed the company at the time from an office in Baltimore on Calvert street just west of Lexington. In 1831, Mr. Hack, a machinist at the mill developed a machine for reeling and twisting silk that was taken to Washington for a patent The same year, a case of Small Pox struck at least 30 persons. In October 1832, Amos Williams moved to the mill site with a salary of $300 a year to entertain business clients. By this time the cotton mill site had a grist mill, saw mill, machine shop, foundry, blacksmith shop, wheelwright shop, brick-making facility, farm, rental houses and company store. That year, Joseph Bancroft used parts manufactured by the mill to establish a mill in Rockdale, Pennsylvania. In 1835 the post office moved from Waterloo to Savage Factory. In 1837, a furnace purchased for $8,000 operated on the mill property but managed separately by Amos A Williams, Cumberland Dugan Williams and Thomas Landsdale. After a drought in June 1836, the company decided to operate a lower cost wagon path to connect to the new B&O railroad and a portion of the Thomas Snowdens property on the Hammond Branch was added to divert water. The same year the company provided slabbing engines, turning lathes and gear cutters to the Harpers Ferry Armory, location John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry. From 1836 to 1843, The Savage Manufacturing Company started its own currency with scrip amounts of 25 cents, 50 cents and one dollar. On June 6, 1839 Amos A. Williams resigned due to a sickness that would last until 1844, leaving control of the company to his brother Cumberland Dugan Williams. During his sickness, the company developed "Baldwins Cotton, Hay and Tobacco press which was manufactured onsite for sales in the Southern states and the Rechm planing machine. Additional land was purchased by the mill on November 28, 1843, for $4,755 that included property from Mr. Lambert and William Worthington for firewood and ore for the furnace operations. In 1846, The Savage Manufacturing Company sold existing or manufactured looms and steam power engines for the Powhatan Company in Baltimore. In 1848, Amos A. Williams entered ligation against the Savage Manufacturing Company and his brothers George, Cumberland and Nathanial claiming they tried to force him into poverty from indebtedness during his illness.</p><br>
<p>The mill had a good source of water power, but the river was unnavigable for delivery. Horses and mules were used to deliver the product to market. In March 1835 the Savage Railroad Company was incorporated by Amos and Cumberland Williams and other investors with $15,000 in stock to bring a rail spur to the mill off the Patuxent branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and in the 1870s a Bollman Truss Bridge was moved to the spur. This bridge survives and is the only one of its kind left.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, William Henry Baldwin Jr. (1821- ) of the Talbot Jones Co. (Woodward Baldwin & Co.) took over operations as the Savage Manufacturing Company, purchasing the land and factory for $42,000. From 1861 to 1862 the mill closed due to lack of raw cotton from the Southern states during the civil war. The mill was managed by William Henrys son Carroll Baldwin from 1905 to 1918 merging with the New York-based Baldwin, Leslie and Company. In 1918 the company was renamed Leslie Evans and Company after Baldwins death. Harry M. Leslie (1880-1945) managed the Savage Mill, the Hart Cotton Mill of Tarboro, North Carolina, Postex Cotton Mills of Post, Texas and Clinchfield Manufacturing Company of Marion, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Workers from the factory worked 6 days a week in 10 hours shifts and were issued company scrip in various denominations that were usable in the only store in the village on Commerce street that was also owned by the company.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, steam engines were installed. In 1911 The Savage Manufacturing Company Patented a process for drying paper using its cotton duck product. Notable factory workers at the mill included Horatio Gambrill of Druid Mills, David Carroll of Mt. Vernon Mills, and Baltimore mayor Samuel Hinks.</p><br>
<p>In February 1928, in the lull in operations between World War I and World War II, the B&O discontinued its Patuxent rail spur service upstream to the quarries at Guilford, Maryland, leaving Savage at the end of the line. In 1939, Savage still operated as a "company town" under less progressive standards, with the Savage Manufacturing Company stipulating that land it considered donating to the county for a school never be sold for use by an African American, another business, or sales of wine or spirits.</p><br>
<p>Throughout World War II the mill produced heavy duck for canvas, hoses, refining and sails and community power from the waterwheel. The demand for canvas dropped considerably after the war, and the mill was scheduled to be shut down 1 January 1948. At time the 400 acre complex employed 372, consisted of twelve industrial buildings and 98 houses owned and rented by the mill. Although there were early records of using African American apprentices prior to the civil war, the mill remained segregated through most of its industrial history.</p><br>
<p>The oldest remaining mill structure is the stone carding and spinning building, probably built between 1816 and 1823. The mill was expanded by the Baldwins before 1881, and that expansion included the brick tower with Romanesque overtones. Other buildings include the weaving shed, preparation area, paymaster&#39;s office, and several early-20th century warehouses and power plants.</p><br>
<h2>The Christmas village</h2><br>
<p>After the mill closed it was bought by Harry Heim for $450,000 who converted it into Santa Novelties, manufacturing Christmas ornaments, featuring a Christmas Display Village named "Santa Heim" (Santa&#39;s Home) which opened in December 1948. It featured live reindeer, a one ring circus, and a miniature train that carried guests to the mill from a parking lot on USA Route 1. A turreted castle was built at the corner of Route One and Gorman Road. The Carol Baldwin Hall was used for sales of Christmas products. Several picket fenced homes along the tree-lined Baltimore Avenue were demolished for the operation.</p><br>
<p>Production included 65 million Christmas tree globes produced onsite with 400 workers.</p><br>
<p>This business was relatively short lived. Efforts to rename the town to Santa Heim did not go through, nor did the plan for a hotel and artificial lake with a waterfall. In 1950 the mill was purchased by Albert Winer and his brothers Samuel, Hyman, and Ephraim who used for warehousing by the National Store Fixture Company.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 1975, Winer unsuccessfully attempted to rezone the mill property from industrial to business while starting a restoration attempt. The initial restoration was completed by September 1981. In 1985 Albert Winer&#39;s son Jay Winer founded Savage Limited Partnership and reopened the mill as a collection of restaurants, specialty shops, and antique dealers. In 1991, The State of Maryland and Howard County loaned Savage Mill Limited Partnership $900,000. The partnership declared bankruptcy in 1994. This has been expanded over the years to encompass five of the larger buildings in the complex. In 2010, tourism numbers for the mill surpassed one million. A series of zip lines and rope obstacles were built along the mill race creating Terrapin Adventures. In 2015 the mill drew regional publicity after the owner of Rams Head was convicted for videotaping women in a bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivision</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, the Howard County Department of Planning and Zoning issued a comprehensive zoning update that included zoning changes to allow density increases for the "Savage remainder" property. The five acre plateau of woodland with steep drops to the Patuxent on two sides that was not purchased by the county as part of Savage Park. Buzzutto homes proposed a housing project called the Settlement at Savage Mill which included significant grading changes and donations of land by the parks department to the developer to maximize density, which was opposed by a referendum attempt. The 7000-person referendum attempt was suppressed by the landowners attorney, William Erskine, who sits on the economic development agency as well as the same law firm as County Executive Ken Ulmans father.</p><br>
<p>The St. Croix Boom Site is a historic and scenic wayside on the St. Croix River in Stillwater Township, Minnesota, United States. It commemorates the location of a critical log boom where, from 1856 to 1914, timber from upriver was sorted and stored before being dispatched to sawmills downstream. The site was developed as a roadside park along Minnesota State Highway 95 in the 1930s. In 1966 it was designated a National Historic Landmark for its national significance in the theme of industry. It was nominated for being the earliest, most important, and longest serving of the log storage and handling operations that supported Minnesotas major logging industry. Virtually no traces remain of the sites original buildings and structures.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The vast white pine forests of the St. Croix River Valley became a major target for logging in the mid-19th century. The St. Croix and its tributaries provided easy transport downstream. Moreover, the St. Croix flowed directly into the Mississippi River, making a convenient route to the burgeoning communities all down the length of the nation plus the numerous inland settlements they served. Since multiple logging companies sent their timber down the same waterway, each company had a distinctive "timber mark" or "owner&#39;s mark" they stamped into the bottom of each log. In the 1830s and 40s the St. Croix harvest was collected and sorted downstream on an honor system, but the increasing number of companies and logs soon necessitated a more official approach.</p><br>
<p>In 1851 the Minnesota Legislature chartered the St. Croix Boom Company, granting them the right to collect all logs at a certain point on the river, sort them according to mark, and deliver them to the appropriate owners in return for 40 cents per thousand board feet (17 cent/m). The Boom Companys leadership was largely composed of men from Marine, Taylors Falls, and Osceola, so the boom was initially located near Taylors Falls. However, there were two major problems with this. One was that this was upstream from the mouth of the Apple River, the St. Croixs second-most productive tributary. The other was that Stillwater was already becoming the region&#39;s primary lumber town, and mills there had to pay extra to have their logs timber rafted 21 mi downstream.</p><br>
<p>In 1856 the Boom Company ran into financial trouble, so a syndicate of Stillwater-based lumbermen led by Isaac Staples seized their opportunity to purchase and relocate the operation. Staples, familiar with log booms from his native Maine, picked an ideal site for the new boom. It was 3 mi north of Stillwater in a stretch of the river that was narrow, high-banked, and naturally divided into multiple channels by small islands.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The St. Croix Log Boom used a series of booms—logs chained end-to-end across the river—to catch timber as it floated downstream. Workers called "boom rats" moved among the booms on catwalks, noting the timber marks stamped on the incoming logs and sorting them into holding pens. When enough of one brand were gathered, the boom workers would form them into a timber raft, which a "fitting-up crew" would steer downstream to the correct mill. Some receiving mills were as far south as St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>The boom operation was designed in such a way that it could handle both heavy and light volumes efficiently. In mid-summer logs could be backed up for 15 mi above the boom, and hundreds of workers put in long days. However, in slow times the whole operation could run with a skeleton crew, leading to considerable labor savings.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 the Boom Company completed the Nevers Dam 11 mi upstream from Taylors Falls to control the flow of logs even further and to prevent log jams like the 1886 St. Croix River log jam that had disrupted the business.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>The massive volume of logs on the river and the centrality of the St. Croix Boom Company to the all-important lumber industry led to major regional impacts. At peak times the log-choked river was impassable to steamboats. Travelers couldnt move upstream or downstream, farmers couldnt ship their goods to market, and towns like Taylors Falls were starved economically. Jumbles of logs could block drainage, flooding riverside farms and homes. The Boom Company did endeavor to provide teams and wagons to portage passengers and goods around blocked areas, transferring them to small steamboats upstream so they could continue their journeys. In the 1860s and 70s the company worked on a shipping canal to bypass the boom site.</p><br>
<p>Millers, dependent on the Boom Company to deliver their logs, complained bitterly about any delays as well as the cost of the service. When logs weren&#39;t coming in, work was scarce, money was tight, and everyone in the lumber towns felt the pinch. The Boom Company had such economic and political clout that it became known as "The Octopus".</p><br>
<p>However the Boom Company made it possible for 150–200 lumber companies to work the St. Croix and its tributaries. Feeding all the lumberjacks, log drivers, and sawmill workers fueled the agricultural sector throughout the river valley. When the 8,500 square miles valley had been denuded of its salable timber, and the St. Croix Boom closed on June 12, 1914, it had processed over 15.5 billion feet of logs. Thanks to the quantity of timber, generous sorting fee enshrined in state law, and ability to scale labor efficiently, the St. Croix Boom was the most profitable in the entire Midwestern United States.</p><br>
<h2>Wayside history</h2><br>
<p>The St. Croix Boom Site was one of the state&#39;s first sites to receive a roadside historical marker when the Minnesota Department of Highways began collaborating with the Minnesota Historical Society around 1929. A few years later as the Department of Highways began establishing scenic waysides throughout the state, the Boom Site was developed into a historic and recreational Roadside Parking Area as part of the extensive roadside improvements targeted around Stillwater.</p><br>
<p>The St. Croix Boom Site Roadside Parking Area was developed 1935–1939 using New Deal federal labor relief programs, which had been instituted to combat widespread unemployment during the Great Depression. Landscape architect Arthur R. Nichols designed the plans while construction was largely carried out by young men employed through the National Youth Administration (NYA). They constructed a more permanent historical marker, a picnic area, fire rings, toilets, a stone wall, a guardrail, and a staircase down to the riverbank. They also landscaped the site, planting trees and improving a natural spring.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 the site was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Three years later the former Highway Department, renamed the Minnesota Department of Transportation (or MnDOT), modernized the wayside. At that time the original restrooms, retaining wall, and fence were replaced, a parking area was redesigned, and paved walkways, picnic tables, drinking fountains, and staircase railings were added. Further alterations over the years resulted in the removal of other NYA elements, including the spring enclosure, another guard rail, and several fireplaces. Although many of Minnesota&#39;s New Deal-era waysides are listed on the National Register in the own right—including the nearby Stillwater Overlook—the Boom Site was deemed ineligible because the changes over the years had too greatly compromised its historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>During the onset of the Great Recession in 2008, MnDOT closed 86 waysides around the state under the justification that they no longer served a transportation safety function. Two organizations, the Friends of Washington County and the Friends of the St. Croix Boom Site, led a successful campaign to reopen the site. In 2010 MnDOT transferred management of the property to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. In 2014 the two Friends organizations helped gather public input on proposed improvements to the site. Possible additions included an information kiosk, picnic shelters, and an enclosure for the portable toilets, all styled after the Boom Site&#39;s logging-era structures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In the present day the St. Croix Boom Site is a 26 acre park with five distinct areas. At the northern end is a large parking and picnic area, signposted as the "wayside". A few hundred yards to the south, but separated by a gully, is a smaller parking area with the historical marker and a staircase down to the riverbank.25 mi south is a scenic overlook, which provides the clearest view of the river for motorists. The overlook abuts the private Boomsite Marina, but a short distance downstream is a separate public boat launch.</p><br>
<p>Traces of log boom operation are scant, as most of the structures were removed when the business closed in 1914. The historical marker is located near the site of the mess hall. A shallow cave near the base of the river stairs was used as a natural root cellar. The cook shanty stood on the blufftop directly above, and a dumbwaiter was rigged through a hole cut in the cave roof to deliver food directly from its storage area. The scenic overlook rises above the point where the main log boom was chained across the river. Across the highway from the wayside parking area is a private home that was once the St. Croix Boom Company House and Barn, built circa 1885 as the residence of the on-site superintendent. It was long assumed that no other structures remained from the log boom era, but in 1975 a historical survey crew from the National Park Service rediscovered two buildings hidden by forest. One was identified as a crew office that also functioned as a winter warming hut.</p><br>
<p>Opus 40 is a large environmental sculpture in Saugerties, New York, created by sculptor and quarryman Harvey Fite . It comprises a sprawling series of dry-stone ramps, pedestals and platforms covering 6.5 acre of a bluestone quarry. Note: This includes</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fite, then a professor of sculpture and theater at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, purchased the disused quarry site in 1938, expecting to use it as a source of raw stone for his representational sculpture. Instead, inspired by a season of work restoring Mayan ruins in Honduras, he began creating a space to display the large carved statues he was beginning to create out of native bluestone. Using the rubble that had been left behind as the area was quarried, he built terraces, ramps and walkways to lead to the individual works, doing all the work by hand, and using the traditional hand tools that had been used by the local quarrymen before him. As the rampwork of his open-air gallery expanded, Fite realized that the 1.5-ton (1.36 metric ton) statue, Flame, which had occupied the central pedestal, had become too small for the scale to which his work had grown, and he replaced it with a 9.5-ton bluestone pillar he had found in a nearby streambed, intent on carving it in place as his tallest bluestone sculpture to date. Fite erected the focal monolith in 1964, 25 years after he had begun work on his quarry gallery.</p><br>
<p>Though Fite&#39;s original plan was to carve the monumental river-stone in place, as his tallest bluestone sculpture to date (he had sculpted Flame in his indoor studio), once the stone was up, he realized that what he had originally conceived as a setting for sculpture had become a coherent sculpture in its own right, and a new kind of sculpture, in which carved representational work was out of place. Fite removed his other sculptures and relocated them on the surrounding grounds, and continued to work on this new sculptural concept for the remainder of his life.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, after he had retired in 1969 from 35 years as a professor at Bard College, Fite built the Quarryman&#39;s Museum on the grounds, a collection of folk tools and artifacts of the quarrying era. It was around this same time that he finally succumbed to the pressure to give his masterwork a name. Stating tongue-in-cheek that “Classical composers don’t have to name things; they can just number them, Opus One, Opus Two, and so on,” Fite eventually arrived at what he felt was an apropos name. Opus is the Latin word for work, and 40 refers to the number of years he expected he would need to complete the work.</p><br>
<p>Fite died on May 9, 1976, in the 38th year of his creation, in an accidental fall while working on the ongoing project. Work stopped that day, leaving some areas unfinished—but, as his stepson, the writer Jonathan Richards, has observed, “Opus 40 is as complete as it ever would have been. It was the product of Fite’s ceaseless vision, and could only have been stopped by his death.” The following year, his widow, Barbara Fite, a close aesthetic collaborator with Fite throughout his labors, created a nonprofit group to administer Opus 40, and opened the grounds to public access to help support its preservation, including maintenance of the framing grounds that her husband had also landscaped. Barbara Fite died on October 22, 1987, and members of her family continue to advise the directors of the organization. Opus 40 remains a popular tourist attraction, as well as a wedding and concert venue. In 2001 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>Brendan Gill, in the March 1989 edition of Architectural Digest, called Opus 40 "one of the largest and most beguiling works of art on the entire continent," and he has also called it “the greatest earthwork sculpture I have ever seen.” Though Harvey Fite was not associated with the Land Art or Earthworks sculptural movement of the 1970s, he came to be known as a pioneer of that movement, and was recognized in 1977 by the Hirshhorn Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, in a show entitled “Probing the Earth: Contemporary Land Projects,” as a forefather of the earthworks movement.</p><br>
<h3>Tributes</h3><br>
<p>A Sonny Rollins concert at Opus 40 on August 16, 1986 was filmed for Robert Mugge&#39;s documentary Saxophone Colossus.</p><br>
<p>The band Mercury Rev recorded "Opus 40", a song about the site, on their 1998 album Deserter&#39;s Songs.</p><br>
<p>The music video for Amanda Palmers interpretation of Pink Floyds "Mother" was filmed at Opus 40 in 2017.</p><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery, originally called City Cemetery, is the oldest city-owned cemetery in Austin, Texas. Situated on a hill just east of I-35 that overlooks downtown Austin, just north of the Swedish Hill Historic District and south of Disch-Falk Field, the once-isolated site is now in the center of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery dates from the mid-1850s. It may have begun even earlier, as legend states that its first tenants were victims of a Comanche attack whose bodies were laid to rest on the same hill.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was renamed Oakwood in 1907 per city ordinance. It spreads over 40 acre, including an annex across Comal Street to the east, and includes sections historically dedicated to the citys black, Latino, and Jewish populations. Paupers were historically buried in unmarked graves on the cemeterys south side. Graves without permanent markers were subject to reburial after a given period.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the Oakwood Cemetery Mortuary Chapel was built on a design by Texas architect Charles Henry Page as a site for memorial services. The chapel was later renovated and remodeled in 1944 under the direction of local architect J. Roy White.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery became a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1972 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985; its annex was added on October 30, 2003. The view of the Texas State Capitol from Comal Street in the center of the cemetery became one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings in 1983. Despite its protected status, the cemetery has been subject to crime, vandalism, and decay for decades.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Wilmer Allison (1904–1977) – Tennis player</p><br>
<p>John Barclay Armstrong (1850–1913) – Texas Ranger (Hall of Fame), USA Marshall, and rancher. Captured the notorious killer John Wesley Hardin.</p><br>
<p>Richard Bache Jr. who represented Galveston in the Senate of the Second Texas Legislature in 1847 and assisted in drawing up the Texas Constitution of 1845</p><br>
<p>Thomas N. Barnes (1930–2003) Fourth Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force</p><br>
<p>Annie Webb Blanton (1870–1945) – First woman elected to statewide office in Texas. Served as State Superintendent for Public Instruction (1919–22)</p><br>
<p>Albert S. Burleson (1863–1937) – United States Postmaster General (1913–21)</p><br>
<p>Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918) – author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean</p><br>
<p>Dabney Coleman (1932-2024) - Actor</p><br>
<p>Oscar Branch Colquitt (1861–1940) – Governor of Texas (1911–15)</p><br>
<p>Susanna Dickinson (1814–1883) – Alamo survivor</p><br>
<p>John Crittenden Duval (1816–1897) – "Father of Texas Literature"</p><br>
<p>John Henry Faulk (1913–1990) – Radio personality</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Jane G. Fisher (1831–1926), the only woman elected to the Texas Veterans Association and its last surviving member, the first woman to have her portrait hung in the Senate Chamber at the Texas Capitol.</p><br>
<p>James M. Goggin (1820–1899) – CSA army officer</p><br>
<p>Thomas Green (1814–1864) – American Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Thomas Watt Gregory (1861–1933) – US Attorney General (1914–19)</p><br>
<p>Andrew J. Hamilton (1815–1875) – Governor of Texas (1865–66)</p><br>
<p>Morgan C. Hamilton (1809–1893) – USA Senator (1870–77)</p><br>
<p>John Hancock (1824–1893) – Member of the United States House of Representatives (1871–85)</p><br>
<p>Hardaway Hunt Dinwiddie (1844-1887) - 4th President of Texas A&M, founding member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity</p><br>
<p>Ima Hogg (1882–1975) – Philanthropist</p><br>
<p>James S. Hogg (1851–1906) – Governor of Texas (1891–95)</p><br>
<p>John Garland James (1844-1930) - 2nd President of Texas A&M, founding member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity</p><br>
<p>Jacob Kuechler (1823–1893) — German immigrant, surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War</p><br>
<p>George W. Littlefield (1842–1920) – Cattleman, banker, University of Texas Regent</p><br>
<p>John Lomax (1867–1948) – Author and musicologist</p><br>
<p>Hermann Lungkwitz (1813–1891) — Painter and photographer</p><br>
<p>Henry Green Madison (1843–1912) – First African-American City Councilman of Austin</p><br>
<p>John Marks Moore (1853–1902) — Secretary of State of Texas (1887–91)</p><br>
<p>Nimrod Lindsay Norton (1830–1903) – Confederate officer and politician, later prominent businessman</p><br>
<p>Elisha M. Pease (1812–1883) – Governor of Texas (1853—57, 1867–69)</p><br>
<p>Oran M. Roberts (1815–1898) – Governor of Texas (1879–83)</p><br>
<p>James T. Robison (1861–1929) – Texas Land Commissioner (1909-1929)</p><br>
<p>John J. Terrell (1857–1920) – Texas Land Commissioner (1903–1909)</p><br>
<p>Ben Thompson (1842–1884) – City Marshal of Austin</p><br>
<p>William M. Walton (1832–1915) – Attorney General of Texas (1866–67)</p><br>
<p>Charles S. West (1829–1885) – Texas Supreme Court justice and Secretary of State of Texas</p><br>
<p>Beecher Island is a sandbar located along the lower course of the Arikaree River, a tributary of the North Fork of the Republican River near Wray in Yuma County, Colorado. The site is notable for having been the scene of an 1868 armed conflict between elements of the United States Army and several of the Plains Indian tribes. The island was named for Lt. Fredrick Henry Beecher of the 3rd Infantry , one of the soldiers of the engagement who was killed during what became known as the Battle of Beecher Island. The "island" and the courses of the river have been modified by several floods since 1868.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Beecher Island was fought along the Arickaree Fork of the Republican River with concentrated fighting on a small island. A few willow trees stood on the island; however, the banks on either side of the river were believed to have had minimal tree growth. Bluffs rise gently from the course of the river. The physical appearance of the actual battleground site was changed by a flood in 1935 which altered the river channel. A monument, erected in 1905, was swept from the island and virtually all traces of the island were destroyed. The major pieces of the monument were retrieved and have been erected on the north side of the river, overlooking picnic and camping grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Beecher Island Battleground Memorial Association</h2><br>
<p>The Association purchased 240 acres where the battle happened. This is a semi-arid region with native grasses, sagebrush, scrub plants, and trees along the river. The Association maintains a monument and the 1940 period auditorium, Sunday School building, kitchen hall, a one-room school house, modern showers and rest rooms, and a storage shed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Westward immigration in the 1860s broke the treaties between the Great Plains tribes and the United States. The Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Sioux Indians saw their hunting grounds being overrun by trails and homesteads. Alarmed, they began sporadic raids against settlers 1864-1868.</p><br>
<p>Major George "Sandy" Forsyth, was commissioned to take fifty frontiersmen and locate the Indians doing the raiding. On the afternoon of September 16, 1868, an Indian trail was found and the troop followed it towards an encampment. Sioux scouts alerted their warriors nearby threat. The Indians were located on the Arikaree Fork of the Republican River. Roman Nose, Indian war leader was among those in the camp.</p><br>
<p>The Forsyth setup camp on the south side of the Arickaree Fork. Toward dawn, Indian scouts happened onto the camp. Fighting began and reinforcements were called from the Indian camps.</p><br>
<p>Forsyth organized a defense on the low-lying island in the Arickaree. Protected by hastily dug rifle pits the Forsyth and his men held out for nine days. Six scouts were killed and fifteen, including Forsyth, were injured. Scouts were sent out at night to bring help form Fort Wallace.</p><br>
<p>Because his invulnerability had been damaged earlier, Roman Nose held back from the battle as he performed the rituals to restore his power. While watching the battle from a bluff he was hit by rifle fire and died from his wounds. Indian losses are unknown and the numbers disputed.</p><br>
<p>The island was named in honor of Lieutenant Fred Beecher, who was killed during the engagement.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places &mdash; "Beecher Island Battleground Memorial" site</p><br>
<p>The Old Market House, currently being operated as the Galena Welcome Center, is a brick building built in the Greek Revival style in 1845 in Galena, Illinois. It is owned and operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as an Illinois State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>City hall and public market</h2><br>
<p>The Old Market House was built by the city of Galena to serve as a city hall and enclosed public farmer&#39;s market. A rapid increase in population in the Galena area in the 1830s and 1840s, largely a result of the discovery of galena, a kind of lead ore found in the region, had led to a sharp increase in demand for local foodstuffs.</p><br>
<p>The Old Market Houses business plan called for the US$50 per year rents from the twelve enclosed farmers market stalls to help maintain the building. The $2,500 used for initial construction was obtained through the sale of $5 per share stocks, which was enabled by an 1845 act of the Galena City Council. Sellers who could not rent a stall were allocated space in the market square just outside the building.</p><br>
<h2>Cars and grocery stores</h2><br>
<p>The Old Market House continued to serve the people of Galena until about 1910. As an increasing percentage of local citizens bought motor vehicles, households began to "shop around" for foodstuffs. Local grocery stores, which paid property taxes to the city of Galena, were not interested in helping to maintain their competitors. In about 1910 the stalls of the Old Market House went out of business.</p><br>
<p>The city of Galena moved its offices elsewhere in 1938, making the old building redundant. It was given to the state of Illinois in 1947.</p><br>
<h2>A frontier community</h2><br>
<p>The Old Market House was extensively rebuilt and restored in 1954 to repair growing deterioration. It has been refitted by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency to serve as a visitor services information desk and museum of local social history.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, more commonly called the Delaware Canal, runs for 60 mi parallel to the right bank of the Delaware River from the entry locks near the mouth of the Lehigh River and terminal end of the Lehigh Canal at Easton south to Bristol. At Easton, which today is the home of The National Canal Museum, the Delaware Canal also connected with the Morris Canal built to carry anthracite coal to energy-starved New Jersey industries.</p><br>
<p>Later, with a crossing-lock constructed at New Hope, the New Hope outlet lock (1847) connected by Cable Ferry to enter at Lambertville, New Jersey, where it connected to a feeder navigation and canal that began at Bull&#39;s Island opposite Lumberville; which then ran over 22 mi south along the New Jersey bank of the Delaware River through Trenton to Bordentown, the west end of the Delaware and Raritan Canal (1834) to New York City via New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built the Delaware Canal to feed anthracite coal to energy-hungry Philadelphia as part of its transportation infrastructure building plan known as the Main Line of Public Works, a legislative initiative creating a collection of self-reinforcing internal improvements to commercial transportation capabilities.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware Canal, like the Lehigh Canal, was primarily meant to carry anthracite coal and other bulk goods such as gravel and limestone, cement, and lumber from Northeastern Pennsylvania to Philadelphia. In reverse flow, the two canals carried manufactured goods, iron products and (a few decades later) steel products to the northeastern cities. The Delaware and Lehigh Canals also connected from Easton by ferry services across the Delaware River to New Jersey and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, connecting industrial loads to New York City.</p><br>
<p>First opened in 1832, the Delaware Canal still has most of its original locks, aqueducts, and overflows. Although the two canals reached their peak shipping in 1855, after which coal transport down the Lehigh corridor was taken up increasingly by railroads, the canals stayed in operation until the Great Depression in the early 1930s. According to the National Park Service, it was the "longest-lived canal in the country".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Canal system was spurred by the early success of the Erie Canal in New York State, which had opened in 1825. Construction on the Delaware Canal started in 1829, accomplished entirely with hand tools using primarily imported labor from Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The canal runs down a channel dug parallel to the Delaware River from Easton to Bristol, Pennsylvania; its line of travel is generally within sight of the river. Originally 60 mi in length, the canal is approximately 60 ft wide with a depth of about 3 ft.</p><br>
<p>After the original construction failed in 1830, it had to be re-engineered by Josiah White of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, who had offered to engineer and build the Delaware Canal for a break in fees in 1824. The state sold the canal to the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company in 1858.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware Canal took over the easy part of the journey for the coal barges transiting down the rapids strewn path of the Lehigh Valley from Mauch Chunk and the heights of Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania and the huge coal fields that connected beyond them.</p><br>
<p>Millions of tons of coal traveled from Wilkes-Barre down the Lehigh Valley transportation infrastructure, then finished the journey on the Delaware Canal&#39;s barges.</p><br>
<p>But competition from the railroad led to a decline in barge traffic. By the 1920s, anthracite coal was waning as a source of fuel. The last commercial through traffic traveled the canal in October 1931 and the bankrupt Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company sold the canal back to the state for a nominal fee.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, a private group called The Delaware Valley Protective Association (DVPA) was founded to protect the canal as a historic asset. The DVPA persuaded the state to resume maintenance of the canal in 1940, when its towpath became Theodore Roosevelt State Park. The berms were restored and the canal was refilled with water.</p><br>
<p>Through the 1940s and 1950s, the canal was left mostly untouched. In the early 1960s, however, Pennsylvania officials explored plans to pave over the canal and create a road for cars. Local residents fought for the canals protection. In 1964, Bucks County historian and DVPA member Willis M. Rivinus wrote the first Guide to the Delaware Canal to call attention to the canals value.</p><br>
<p>Through the 1960s and 1970s, the DVPA and other influential citizens sought to secure federal landmark status to protect the Canal. In 1974, the Canal was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1976, it was designated a National Historic Landmark, helping to guarantee its preservation. The towpath itself was named an official National Recreation Trail.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the USA government created the Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor, covering a 165-mile north-south swath of eastern Pennsylvania that includes the Delaware Canal. In 1989, Theodore Roosevelt State Park was renamed Delaware Canal State Park.</p><br>
<p>However, public funding for the canal often has been inadequate and, as in other parts of the country, private non-profit groups have been created to fill the void. In 1983, Bucks County resident Betty Orlemann organized the Friends of the Delaware Canal (FODC), now the canal&#39;s largest fund-raising and volunteer group. (The DVPA no longer exists). Under long-time executive director Susan Taylor, the FODC also functions as a watchdog group, ensuring goals are met to make the towpath trail walkable over its entire length and to eventually get the canal fully watered from Easton to Bristol.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the Delaware Canal towpath were washed away or damaged during successive floods in 2004, 2005 and 2006. A number of sections of the towpath were closed and impassable, including a long stretch north of Washington Crossing and sections south of Riegelsville. In February 2008, a section of the towpath collapsed and 23 mi of the canal lost water.</p><br>
<p>Through funds from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (PA DCNR) currently is refurbishing the washed out sections of the canal. As of October 2009, according to Delaware Canal State Park manager Rick Dalton, 75 percent of the towpath had been restored and was expected to be fully walkable by summer 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Engineering</h2><br>
<p>At New Hope, engineers connected an undershot water wheel to another wheel with buckets, which lifted water from the Delaware River up into the canal using only the force of the river current.</p><br>
<p>A few hundred yards above, there was an outlet lock to the Delaware River, and on the other side of the river a lock to the Delaware and Raritan canal. To enable boats to cross the river, engineers devised a system whereby two cables of unequal length attached to wheels on a spanning cable across the river would hold a boat at a diagonal to the current, thereby acting as a sail, pushing the boat across.</p><br>
<h2>Mule barge tourist ride</h2><br>
<p>Mule-drawn barges, operated by private concessionaires, provided rides for chartered private parties running from a landing at Lock #11 at New Hope north to a point about 1.5 mi above Centre Bridge, for a total one-way ride length of 4.5 mi.</p><br>
<p>Tourist rides were also offered, however, they stopped in the vicinity of the Rabbit Run bridge, which carries PA 32 over the canal, about 1 mi north of Lock #11. These rides were offered from approximately 1954 to 2006. Each boat could transport between 55 and 80 passengers and were pulled by two mules. Four boats, the Americana (painted red, white & blue), the Independence, the Liberty, and the Spirit of New Hope were used from the inauguration of the tourist ride until the 1997 season, when they were replaced by two new boats, the Molly Pitcher and the Myfanwy Jenkins (pronounced "Mivanway").</p><br>
<p>Since 1997, operation of the barges have been under regulations by the USA Coast Guard (for example, steersmen are required to obtain a Master Mariner&#39;s license) and, if reopened, would face regulations imposed in 2009 on its sister operation on the Lehigh Canal in Easton, PA by the USA Department of Homeland Security for crew members in "sensitive shipboard and dockside locations".</p><br>
<p>Wiawaka is a holiday house for women. It has lake front property on Lake George, New York. It is one of the few remaining fully operational vacation/retreat centers which arose out of the women&#39;s rights movement in the early part of the twentieth century. Founded in 1903 by Mary Wiltsie Fuller, Wiawaka provided "affordable vacations" for mainly immigrant female textile workers from Troy and Cohoes, New York, who lacked the economic means to find respite anywhere else.</p><br>
<p>Today, women of all socio-economic backgrounds and from all over North America are able to enjoy the peaceful atmosphere of Wiawaka since it operates as a nonprofit corporation in order to continue the tradition of "affordable vacations" for all women.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of the property</h2><br>
<p>The earliest reference to the property of Wiawaka is in the tax records of the town of Caldwell (now Lake George) where it is referred to as the old "garrison ground". This suggests that military activity took place on the site which also is home to sunken bateaux, but no archeological survey has been done at Wiawaka to answer these questions.</p><br>
<p>The first private owner of the lake front property ran the United States Hotel on the site until F. G. Crosby bought the land and building in 1848. Financial difficulties caused him to lease the structure to the Lake George Young Ladies Institute in 1855 but it was shut down after only one year of operation.</p><br>
<p>Next, he enlarged the hotel, changing the name to Crosbyside, and housed several customers from cities who retreated to Lake George for a vacation in the country. With a new wave of tourism, Mr. Crosby was very successful and he soon built several Victorian cottages as lodging for his best and most loyal customers. These are Mayflower Cottage, c. 1873 and Rose Cottage, c. 1873. He also built a house for himself and his family soon after in 1876 (it was later named Fuller House). The Second Empire style residence is very little altered in its appearance today. In 1890s, Crosbyside was sold to a new owner and declined in the shadow of resorts like the bigger and more luxurious Fort William Henry Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>"The Great Spirit of Woman" over the years</h2><br>
<p>In 1902, Katrina Trask and her husband Spencer Trask acquired the property. Spencer and Katrina Trask built Wakonda Lodge, formerly called "Amitola", in 1905 as their first experiment in a building an artists colony before receiving artists at Yaddo. The famous artist Georgia OKeeffe later stayed in this lodge. Katrina gradually handed over her land to her friend Mary Wiltsie Fuller who had a vision of providing retreats from the polluted city to women factory workers from Troy (known then as The Collar City). Using the original structures built by Mr. Crosby, Mary Fuller opened her retreat center in 1903 and named it Wiawaka Holiday House. Wiawaka is derived from the Abenaki word meaning "The Great Spirit of Woman". Mary proved the existence of the collective "Great Spirit" as she formed a board of women to run and look out for the interests of Wiawaka. Eventually, Wiawaka added workshops covering different skills to add an additional dimension to the guests&#39; vacations.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Mary Fuller died in the 1940s, but her vision of providing vacations to hard working women continues today, although women of all socio-economic backgrounds are welcome. Wiawaka also takes pride in continuing to offer a diverse range of workshops like those held since its founding. These components combined with its historic foundation lay the cornerstones for its mission statement which follows:</p><br>
<p>"Wiawaka is a non-sectarian retreat and educational center dedicated to enriching the lives of women, and helping disadvantaged women, including but not limited to women with disabilities, economically disadvantaged women, victims of domestic abuse, the elderly, and other women in transition, to develop skills and personal resources necessary to meet the challenges they face in life. Wiawaka is steward of the preservation, maintenance and operation of its historic property."</p><br>
<p>In order to give all women the opportunity to go to Wiawaka, room and board is offered on a sliding scale according to income. All three meals are served on site in the same communal dining room that guests have used since 1903. Today, a very diverse range of workshops are offered, all of which have been opened up to the public (the calendar is easily accessible on their website). Some recent workshop topics have included creative writing, poetry readings with Yaddo poet Joan Murray, holistic healing, yoga, quilting, historical lectures, jewelry making, and tours of the historic property. Not only have workshops been opened up to the public, but Wiawaka has also started to offer day use passes as well for those who are not overnight guests yet would like to take advantage of the serene property. Many of Wiawaka&#39;s guests return year after year to meet friends, attend workshops, volunteer, live the history, and take in the magical peace tranquility, and spirit that is Wiawaka.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>Wiawaka is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under nine categories of significance and is listed by the National Park Service as a "Place Where Women Made History". Its place on the National Register is significant as the National Park Service holds high standards regarding the historic value of sites to which it grants this status. Its Victorian cottages, Adirondack lodge, and House of Trix (built directly over the water) are points of historic architectural interest and are listed on the register. A marker on the shore points out the location of the Wiawaka Bateaux which are also on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Duke Homestead State Historic Site is a state historic site and National Historic Landmark in Durham, North Carolina. The site belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural resources and commemorates the place where Washington Duke founded the nation&#39;s largest early-20th-century tobacco firm, the American Tobacco Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Duke Homestead was built about 1852 by Washington Duke, on a farm that was about 300 acre in size when the American Civil War broke out. During the war, the property was, like many others, looted by Union Army. With little left beyond a small supply of tobacco, the family shifted from tobacco farming to tobacco processing, introducing cigarettes in 1881 to compete with loose-leaf tobacco.</p><br>
<p>This property is where the Dukes did their early tobacco processing, eventually moving into downtown Durham in 1874. The Duke business was incorporated as the American Tobacco Company in 1890, and was the largest tobacco company in the world until an antitrust suit broke it up in 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, the farm was purchased by Duke University, and in 1966, the Duke Homestead was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. It became a North Carolina State Historic Site in 1974, administered by the North Carolina State Division of Archives and History.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The property now consists of more than 40 acre of the original Duke lands, on which stand the original Duke Homestead and several barn-like "factory" structures in which the Dukes cured, processed, and packed their tobacco. The very first building in which they worked, a log barn, was destroyed by fire, and was reconstructed in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today, the site is a museum where tourists can view the restored 1852 Duke Homestead with four furnished rooms, tobacco barns and various artifacts. The visitor center features the Tobacco Museum, with exhibits about tobacco farming, processing and the history of tobacco. Various readings and presentations are available in the Visitor Center.</p><br>
<p>Chippiannock Cemetery is a rural cemetery located on 12th Street and 31st Avenue in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. The word “Chippiannock” is a Native American term which means “place of the dead”. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rock Island was in need of a permanent cemetery in 1854. The towns population was 5,000 and the dead were being buried somewhat haphazardly in Bailey Davenports pasture, which is now Longview Park. The first board of directors of the Chippiannock Cemetery Association included Holmes Hakes, S.S. Guyer, William L. Lee, Bailey Davenport, and Henry A. Porter. In 1855 Chippiannocks founders purchased 62 acre on Manitou Ridge and secured the services of noted landscape architect Almerin Hotchkiss to design a cemetery patterned in the rural cemetery style of Mt. Auburn in Massachusetts (Americas first garden-style cemetery). Almerin Hotchkiss also designed Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn and Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>The property consists of a western slope and the crest of Manitou Ridge. The site features gently rolling wooded hills that climb to a broad plateau. It is located near the midpoint between the Mississippi and Rock Rivers. Hotchkiss designed a system of curvilinear driveways winding around the various burial sections.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery includes impressive monuments by Alexander Stirling Calder and Paul de Vigne. Many of the monuments reflect attitudes about death and mourning from the Victorian Era. Some of the more memorable grave markers include life-size stone statues, a ships anchor, a six-ton granite ball, a babys cradle, the sleeping dog statue guarding the Dimick children, and the mourning woman at the Cable monument.</p><br>
<p>The Sexton&#39;s House is a Gothic Revival farmhouse that predates the cemetery. It continues to serve as the home of the cemetery superintendent. There are more than 25,000 people buried at Chippiannock Cemetery. The preservation of the cemetery is the responsibility of the Chippiannock Cemetery Heritage Foundation as well as other interested citizens.</p><br>
<p>Chippiannock was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1994. It was the first cemetery in Illinois to be listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>It is an important location in Max Allan Collins&#39;s graphic novel Road to Perdition, which was the basis for the film of the same name, starring Tom Hanks and Paul Newman.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Napoleon Bonaparte Buford (1807–1883), American Civil War Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Benjamin T. Cable (1853–1923), USA House of Representatives, 1891–93</p><br>
<p>Ransom Reed Cable (1834–1909), president of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad</p><br>
<p>George Davenport (1783–1845), one of the earliest settlers in Rock Island, developed what is now the Quad Cities, and namesake of Davenport, Iowa</p><br>
<p>Frederick Denkmann (1824–1905), co-founded Weyerhauser-Denkmann Lumber Company with Frederick Weyerhauser</p><br>
<p>William H. Gest (1838–1912), USA House of Representatives, 1887–91</p><br>
<p>Ben Harper (1817–1887), businessman and mayor of Rock Island</p><br>
<p>William Hoffman (1807–1884), American Civil War Brevet Major General</p><br>
<p>Minnie Potter (1865–1936), president and CEO of the Argus, a daily newspaper</p><br>
<p>Chester C. Thompson (1893–1971), mayor of Rock Island, USA House of Representatives, 1933–39</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Dann Walsh (1808–1869), First Illinois State Entomologist</p><br>
<p>Frederick Weyerhauser (1834–1914), founded the Weyerhauser Company</p><br>
<p>The General Land Office Building, completed in 1857, in Austin, Texas is the oldest surviving state government office building in the city and the first building designed by a university-trained architect . The building features a dramatic medieval castle style known as Rundbogenstil, or "rounded arch" around the windows and doors. There is also a Norman style influence in the castle-like parapets. The exterior walls are limestone rubble smoothed over with stucco and scored to simulate cut stone blocks.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on the southeast corner of the Texas State Capitol grounds. One employee, William Sidney Porter - pen name O. Henry Porter - worked in the office from 1887 to 1891, and would later attain fame as a writer. Some of his works would include those set at the building, such as "Bexar Script No. 2692" and "Georgia&#39;s Ruling".</p><br>
<p>The building functioned as the state&#39;s land office building until 1917 (60 years) when the agency moved to a larger building across the street. From 1919 until 1988 (70 years) the building housed museums run by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas on the second floor, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The building was modified during the mid-20th century but was vacated, then restored between 1989 and 1992. The project returned the building&#39;s interior and exterior to resemble its late 19th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>Today, it serves as the Capitol Visitors Center, offering exhibits and tours about the Texas State Capitol. There is also a Texas Department of Transportation Travel Center that offers free maps and literature on travel destinations throughout the state.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1962 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Other usesSmith Rock </p><br>
<p>The Smith Rock Shelter is a natural limestone overhang in McKinney Falls State Park near Austin, Texas. The shelter is believed to have been used by Native Americans from 500 BCE until the 18th century. The last known occupants were related to the Tonkawa. It is accessible via the 0.8 mile round-trip Smith Rockshelter Trail in the park.</p><br>
<p>The shelter abuts Onion Creek and is one of two natural rock shelters in Travis County to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places (the other is the Levi Rock Shelter). Smith Rock Shelter was added to the Register on October 1, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb, located in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois, United States, was commissioned in 1890 by the lumber baron, Henry Harrison Getty, for his wife. It was designed by the noted American architect, Louis Sullivan of the firm Adler & Sullivan. Getty became familiar with Sullivans work from the architects various Loop projects as well as from the mausoleum  Sullivan designed for Getty&#39;s late partner, Martin Ryerson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Getty Tomb has been said to be the most significant piece of architecture in Graceland cemetery and the beginning of Sullivan&#39;s involvement in the architectural style known as the Chicago School.</p><br>
<p>The tomb, which stands on its own triangular plot of land, is composed of limestone masonry construction. Roughly a cube in shape, the bottom half of the tomb is composed of large, smooth limestone blocks. The upper half is composed of a rectangular pattern of octagons, each containing an eight-pointed starburst design. The cornice is banded with smooth limestone above intricate spiraling patterns below, and the top-edge of the roofline is straight and horizontal on the front and back and scalloped in a concave fashion on the sides.</p><br>
<p>When approaching the tomb, the obvious focus is the ornate doorway. An intricately ornamented bronze gate and door, patinated green over time, are spanned by a broad semi-circular archway. The voussoirs, emanating radially in long thin wedges, share alternating plain and intricately carved concentric bands. The twin gates as well as the door behind share a combination of geometric and floral details that incorporate the starburst seen in the upper patterned walls. The three other sides of the tomb house semi-circular, bronze-clad windows that mimick the arch and door details of the front. A plaster cast of the door was exhibited at the 1900 Paris Exhibition where it won Sullivan an award.</p><br>
<p>Henry joined his wife in the tomb shortly after he died in Paris, France, on March 31, 1919 (date per his obituary in the Chicago Daily Tribune, published April 2, 1919). Their only child Alice was added in 1946. On March 10, 1971, the tomb was designated as a Chicago Landmark by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands is a historic building and property located near Fort Washington, Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands was built in 1794-1796 by Philadelphia merchant and politician Anthony Morris (1766-1860), and was designed by Philadelphia politician Timothy Matlack (1730-1829). It is a large -story, dressed fieldstone structure in the late Georgian style. The front facade features two, two-story, Ionic order pilasters. Morris was the speaker of the Pennsylvania senate, and had signed the bill authorizing troops to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. He was also a director of the Bank of North America (1800-1806) and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania (1806-1817). From 1810 to 1814, he was President James Madison&#39;s unofficial envoy to Spain.</p><br>
<p>Morris sold the property to Daniel Hittner (1765-1841) in 1808. In the five years that Hittner owned the estate, he accumulated 300+ additional acres. In 1813, it was sold to wine merchant George Sheaff (1779-1851). After Sheaffs death, the heirs sold off the majority of the estate, leaving a mere 59 acre remaining with Sheaffs grandson, John. In 1917, after the death of the last remaining Sheaff heir, it was sold to Miss Caroline Sinkler, and then subsequently sold to her niece Emily Sinkler Roosevelt in 1941. Roosevelt and her husband donated the property to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Highlands is a 44 acre site with a late 18th-century Georgian mansion and formal gardens. It is operated as a museum and historic site by the Highlands Historical Society, a non-profit educational organization. It is available to rent for weddings and parties.</p><br>
<p>The Highlands Historical Society also runs a number of social and fund-raising events throughout the year. One of these events is the annual Highlands Craft Show which began in 1982 as a means to raise funds to support the restoration of the 2 acre formal garden. The craft show has become an excellent venue where unique artisans throughout the United States can gather to display their crafts within the mansion. Some of the crafts that are offered for sale include fabric, fabric arts, pottery, hand-bags, and hand-crafted jewelry. Other popular events include a pumpkin and jack-o-lantern display which takes place around Halloween, and the Highlands Hunt Breakfast which takes place in early November. The Hunt Breakfast consists of a mock fox hunt equipped with a pack of hounds and approximately 20 local horseback riders who ride through surrounding properties, eventually returning to the mansion to rest and eat breakfast with friends and family.</p><br>
<p>Garden Alley Highlands PA.jpgAlley in the garden</p><br>
<p>Faun Highlands PA.jpgBust of a faun in the garden</p><br>
<p>Armillary O Highlands PA.jpgArmillary sphere in the garden</p><br>
<p>Highlands PA barn from SE.jpgBarn from the southeast</p><br>
<p>Highlands PA barn from NW.jpgBarn from the northwest</p><br>
<p>Springhouse Highlands PA.jpgSpringhouse</p><br>
<h2>Owners of the Highlands</h2><br>
<p>1796 to 1808: Anthony Morris</p><br>
<p>1808 to 1813: Daniel Hittner</p><br>
<p>1813 to 1917: George Sheaff and heirs</p><br>
<p>1917 to 1941: Miss Caroline Sinkler</p><br>
<p>1941 to 1957: Emily Sinkler Roosevelt and her husband Nicholas</p><br>
<p>1957 to 2021: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>2021 to present: Whitemarsh Township, PA</p><br>
<p>The Mission House is an historic house located at 19 Main Street, Stockbridge, Massachusetts. It was built between 1741 and 1742 by a Christian missionary to the local Mahicans. It is a National Historic Landmark, designated in 1968 as a rare surviving example of a colonial mission house. It is now owned and operated as a nonprofit museum by the Trustees of Reservations.</p><br>
<p>The town of Stockbridge was established in the late 1730s as a mission community to the Mahicans. John Sergeant was the first missionary, formally beginning his service in 1735. His first house, built in the valley where the Indians lived, has not survived; this house was built in the white community on the hill above the town following his marriage in 1739. It remained in the Sergeant family until the 1870s, and survived Gilded Age developments of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the house was purchased by Mabel Choate, owner of the nearby Naumkeag estate, and moved down into the valley. She and landscape designer Fletcher Steele restored the building, furnished it with 18th century pieces, and designed gardens to Steele&#39;s vision of what a colonial landscape might have been. Choate opened the house as a museum in 1930, and donated it (and eventually Naumkeag as well) to the Trustees of Reservations, who operate both properties as museums.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of British colonists, the area that is now southern Berkshire County, Massachusetts was inhabited by communities of the Mahican tribal confederation. The population of these communities changed over the 17th century as war (sometimes with European colonists and sometimes with the neighboring Iroquois), disease, and migration made them smaller and more diverse. By the 1720s they had sold off most of their tribal lands, and lived in relative peace in two remaining tracts of land on the Housatonic River.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1720s the Mahicans became a point of interest to British missionary organizations, because they were seen as potential conversion targets and to counter the possibility of influence on them from Roman Catholic New France. This effort was managed in New England by a commission headed by the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Jonathan Belcher. Belcher suggested in 1730 that the province lay out a town in the Mahican lands, and that London missionary groups pay for a mission there. Funds were allocated for this effort in 1733.</p><br>
<p>In 1734 Massachusetts residents in the Northampton area met to organize the mission. John Sergeant, a recent graduate of Yale College, agreed to take on the task, and spent some time that fall among the Mahicans. After negotiations involving Governor Belcher and Mahican leaders, it was agreed in 1735 that a mission would be established, and Sergeant was ordained to serve as a minister among them. He immediately moved to the Mahican lands and began preaching to and baptizing them.</p><br>
<p>In 1736 a township of six square miles (16 km) was formally granted to the Mahicans by the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which would be incorporated in 1739 as Stockbridge. John Sergeant built a modest frontier house in the township, and the Indian village grew around this area, which included a meeting house used as a church and school.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>In 1739 Sergeant married Abigail Williams, the seventeen-year-old daughter of one of Stockbridge&#39;s English colonists. She wanted to live outside the village, so Sergeant had a new house, the subject of this article, built on Prospect Hill, overlooking the village.</p><br>
<p>The Sergeants lived there until his death in 1749. Abigail remarried and eventually moved out of the house, but it remained in the family. She returned to it after her second husbands death, living with her sons family until her own death in 1791.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant&#39;s second house remained in the family until 1879, when the property was sold to David Dudley Field, Jr., a New York City lawyer. Field amassed an estate of some 115 acre, on which he built a large summer house; the mission house he rented out for several summers to friends. It subsequently fell into disrepair, and was rescued in the 1920s by Mabel Choate, the daughter of New York lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate and owner of the nearby Naumkeag estate, who sought to establish it as a museum in memory of her parents.</p><br>
<p>Sometime around 1926, Choate purchased the mission house. The house was then disassembled, and its pieces carefully numbered. In 1928 the house was reconstructed at its present location under the guidance of landscape designer Fletcher Steele.</p><br>
<p>The houses gardens were created between 1928 and 1932 by Steele (who was also responsible for significant work on Naumkeags gardens). The house was furnished under Choate&#39;s guidance with pieces appropriate to the Sergeant period, and opened as a museum in 1930. She donated the house and surrounding property to the Trustees of Reservations in 1948, and bequeathed it part of her collection.</p><br>
<p>Included in Choates bequest to the museum was a two-volume Bible that had been given to the Mahicans in 1745 by Francis Ayscough. Choate had in the 1930s convinced the elders of the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe (successors to the Mahicans) to sell her the Bible for display in the museum. Tribe members objected to the sale after it took place, but no action was taken, and the Bibles location was lost to the tribe until it was spotted by tribal members in the museum in 1975. Following negotiations, the Trustees of Reservations returned the Bible to the tribe in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>House and gardens</h2><br>
<p>The mission house now stands on a lot approximately 0.4 acre in size. The layout of the house is a standard Georgian center-hall plan, with fireplaced rooms (a parlor to the left, and kitchen to the right) on either side of a central hall, which has a stairway to the second floor. Behind the parlor is an office space where Sergeant would have met with Indians. A diversion from the typical Georgian plan is the presence of a second entrance on the right side of the house, and a narrow hallway running from that entrance to the office. This made it possible for Sergeant&#39;s Indian visitors to reach his office without passing through the front of the house. The front door is adorned with a remarkably well-preserved specimen of a Connecticut River valley front door pediment.</p><br>
<p>The property features several outbuildings, generally dating from the time of the restoration. A small one-room frame building in the southwest corner serves as a visitor center. Behind the house is a long one-story building that houses museum exhibits, as well as a storage and utility area. It is connected to the house itself by a 25 ft grape arbor. Northeast of the house is a large barn-like building housing function facilities and a caretaker&#39;s apartment.</p><br>
<p>The gardens and outbuildings of the property were designed to Fletcher Steeles vision of what colonial garden should be. He drew on ideas seen in the gardens of George Washingtons estate at Mount Vernon to design a property where "a hundred forms of industry were carried on". Rows of vegetables, fruit trees, and bushes, were lined with flowers for aesthetic appeal, and spaces for carved out that he envisioned would have been used for performing outdoor work such as chopping wood, churning butter, and preparing preserves. Echoing statements made in his Design of a Little Garden, published just a few years earlier, Steele laid out the outbuildings in such a way to provide the homeowners a private retreat.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It contains a collection of eighteenth-century American furniture and decorative arts. It is open to the public on summer weekends or by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Castleberry Hill is a historic arts district and southwest district of Downtown Atlanta. It is a federally recognized historic district since 1985 and became a City of Atlanta Landmark District in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area in the city limits of Atlanta known today as Castleberry Hill was originally part of the renegade Snake Nation community that functioned during the 1850s. According to an article from Atlanta Magazine, Castleberry Hill was, by the mid-nineteenth century, a red-light district filled with prostitutes, gambling, and cockfighting. By the time the Civil War began, however, this area was in the process of industrialization. Items such as terra cotta and other building materials were produced then in Atlanta factories. Additionally, Castleberry Hill then contained cotton warehousing and grocers. One of those grocers was Daniel Castleberry, for whom the area was named. Daniel Castleberry, however, is believed to have been an established businessman in the area as a result of his winning the land in the 1821 Georgia Land Lottery. By the early 1990s, the area went into heavy decline, serving as the backdrop for dystopic films such as Freejack and Kalifornia. The 1996 Olympics saw another influx of development for the area. Loft conversions began in the 1980s, and currently make up the majority of housing options in the neighborhood. In the early 21st century, Castleberry Hill began another renaissance with major motion pictures and TV series such as being filmed in the area; the now well-known Castleberry Hill Art Stroll, which is held on the second Friday of each month, has become yet another popular event in this area. Castleberry Hill is noted for having one of the largest concentrations of black owned businesses in the nation. Since 2017, numerous new developments in downtown helped significantly increase property values, demand, and diversity in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Sackets Harbor Battlefield State Historic Site is a historically important location in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The historic site is south of the Village of Sackets Harbor, bordering Lake Ontario in the Town of Hounsfield. Two battles were fought near this location during the War of 1812. Some 3,000 men worked at the shipyard building warships, and the village was fortified and garrisoned with thousands of troops.</p><br>
<p>The site includes exhibits, a restored 1850s Navy Yard and Commandants House, outdoor signs, and guided and self-guided tours. During the summer months, interpretive guides, in regimental style, re-enact a soldiers camp life in 1813.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have saved more than 25 acres of the battlefield as of mid-2023.</p><br>
<p>The Old Forest Arboretum of Overton Park  is a forest tract and natural arboretum located in Overton Park, Memphis, Tennessee. It is open to the public daily without charge. The forest was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as part of the Overton Park Historic District. Tree identification began in 1997, with some 70 tree species identified by 2002 when it was certified as an arboretum.</p><br>
<p>Today the arboretum contains walking trails with 49 tree markers identifying 32 species. Approximately three-fourths of the Arboretum was designated as the Old Forest State Natural Area in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Conservation of the Old Forest began in 1901, when Overton Park was created when the 342 acre Lea Woods was purchased by the City of Memphis. 172 acre of its original climax oak-hickory cover was preserved as the Old Forest.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, the area was described as follows:</p><br>
<p>Plant taxonomist Dr. Tom Heineke was hired by Memphis to inventory the Old Forest during 2008 and 2009.</p><br>
<p>Large trees measured for possible inclusion as Tennessee Champion Trees included a 27 in (DBH) black cherry, a 46-inch southern red oak, a 62-inch shumard oak, and 9-inch pawpaw. A total of 332 flowering plant species were recorded in 85 families; three-quarters of the species were native. Heineke&#39;s management recommendation was removal of evergreen exotic species, such as Chinese privet and Japanese honeysuckle, which are severely competing with native vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Tennessee State Natural Area status</h3><br>
<p>On June 8, 2011, Governor Bill Haslam signed the Old Forest State Natural Area bill into law, designating 126 of the Arboretums 172 acres as Tennessees 82nd State Natural Area. The Natural Areas Program is run by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, while the natural areas themselves are often not TDEC property and are generally managed through cooperative agreements with other agencies and organizations. The bill creating the State Natural Area originally designated 142 acres for protection. To ease opposition from Memphis Mayor A C Wharton and Memphis Zoo officials, 14 acres of forest adjacent to the zoo were removed from the protective area.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental threats</h3><br>
<p>During the development of Interstate 40 through Memphis in the 1960s, 26 acres of the Old Forest were slated to be destroyed to make way for the new highway, which would have also severed the Memphis Zoo from the rest of Overton Park. A grassroots organization, the Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, rallied to protect the forest. In Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe the USA Supreme Court finally saved the Old Forest from highway construction plans in 1971. In 1987, the Tennessee Department of Transportation deeded the 26-acre corridor back to the City of Memphis.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Memphis Zoo clear-cut 4 acre to make way for a new exhibit, Teton Trek. The destruction sparked the revival of CPOP to prevent further expansion of the zoo into the Old Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Arsenal is a former United States Army munitions depot , was used as a prison for captured Native Americans, and was served as a psychiatric hospital. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Mount Vernon, Alabama. The site is home to the now closed Searcy Hospital. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 26, 1988, as the Mount Vernon Arsenal-Searcy Hospital Complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Arsenal was established by the United States Army near the Mobile River, three miles west of Fort Stoddert, and approximately 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Along with the Kennebec Arsenal in Augusta, Maine, it is one of the most complete antebellum arsenals surviving to the present day. Established in 1828 as an ordnance manufacturing base, the Mount Vernon Arsenal served as one of the USA Army&#39;s main ammunition plants from its inception until the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>On January 4, 1861, troops of the Alabama state militia took possession of the arsenal on the orders of Alabama governor Andrew B. Moore. The takeover from the small US Army force, commanded by Captain Jesse L. Reno, was peaceful and bloodless. After Alabama joined with other seceded states to form the Confederacy, the Arsenal was turned over to the Confederate Army for the duration of the war. In 1862, after the Battle of New Orleans, the Confederacy moved ammunition manufacturing from the Mount Vernon Arsenal to Selma, Alabama. Selma offered a more secure location farther away from Union forces.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Army held the Arsenal almost until the end of the Civil War. After the war was over, the Arsenal was returned to the federal government and the site was renamed the Mount Vernon Barracks. From 1887 to 1894 the Barracks was used as a prison for captured Apache people, including Geronimo and his followers. Walter Reed, the United States Army physician who confirmed that yellow fever is spread by mosquitoes, served as post surgeon in the 1880s. In 1895, the site was deeded to the state of Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The Dewitt C. Greer State Highway Building is an eight-story structure in downtown Austin, Texas housing offices of the Texas Department of Transportation since its completion. Located at the southwest corner of 11th and Brazos Streets , the building was designed by San Antonio architect Carleton Adams and finished in 1933 at a cost of $455,000. It features elaborate Art Deco styling, including decorative carved limestone panels above the front doors. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with the 1918 State Office Building in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Texas Historical Commission Marker Text</h2><br>
<p>Established April 4, 1917 - Early 20th century Texas farmers demanded all-weather access to markets just as automobiles revolutionized transportation for all travelers. Good-roads promoters envisioned a central state agency to organize safe, consistent routes. In 1916, the federal government offered matching funds to build a statewide highway system. In 1917, legislators created the Texas Highway Department, and Texans registered 195,000 automobiles. Agency employees worked in the Capitol, then the 1917 Land Office, and soon the agency opened district offices across the state. In 1921, federal officials approved a 2,900-mile Texas system, ensured by a one-cent-per-gallon state gas tax after 1923. During the Great Depression, federal relief funds stimulated massive road building. Engineers also promoted a new headquarters, and in 1933 completed this state highway building. From here, Dewitt Carlock Greer (1902–1986) served as state highway engineer, 1940–1967, and commissioner, 1969 to 1981, when legislators named the building for him. That year, as the agency&#39;s role expanded to public transportation, it managed 71,000 miles of highways for 12 million Texas vehicles. (1997)</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Rite Dormitory  is a private women&#39;s dorm for the University of Texas built and operated by the Scottish rite of Freemasons in Austin, Texas. Located just north of campus on 27th Street and Whitis Avenue, the colonial revival style building was completed in 1922 during a housing shortage on campus and was intended to provide housing for the daughters and relatives of Master Masons.</p><br>
<p>Since its origin the building has relaxed its entry requirements somewhat, but is still well known among UT students for its strict rules only allowing male visitors during certain hours. Many girls are wait-listed for entry to the dorm beginning in high school or earlier. Residents are often referred to as SaRDines. The dorm also employs young men as waiters and dishwashers.</p><br>
<p>Old jokes about poor institutional food, especially in dormitories have never applied to SRD. Girls who have lived there usually mention the food first when expressing their feelings about the dormitory. One special dessert every SRD alumni nostalgically remembers is Chocolate Crumble Balls (CCB&#39;s). In addition to daily meals, the kitchen staff prepared special refreshments for birthday dinners, pajama parties, and other special occasions, such as the spring formal.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The plan for the Scottish Rite Dormitory began prior to 1920 due to shortage of housing for women around the University of Texas at Austin. Initially started in 1920 in a boarding house near its current location, the construction of the building took two years and opened in 1922. Funds were raised to complete the project by the Texas Scottish Rite Educational Association, headed by president Samuel Cochran (1855-1936). The Scottish Rite Dormitory building at 210 W. 27th, known as the "Grande Dame" by some celebrates 100 years in 2022.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture and Design</h3><br>
<p>Scottish Rite Dormitory was designed by Herbert Miller Greene, a prominent Dallas architect and active member of the Masons who in the early 1920s was chosen by the UT Board of Regents to become the university&#39;s official architect. Over the course of the next decade he designed a number of buildings for the Austin campus in the prevailing Mediterranean-influenced Beaux-Arts style, among them Garrison Hall, Littlefield Dormitory, the Biology Building, Gregory Gymnasium, the Chemistry Building, and Waggener Hall. Scottish Rite Dormitory was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Dorm Lore</h2><br>
<p>Memories of SRD abound with tales of fun with friends, attempts at sneaking in boys, late night food runs after curfew, and an array of other adventures. Ghost stories are also part of the legend and take on a different tone from decade to decade. One that has stood the test of time features the girl who is said to have jumped from the empty elevator shaft after losing her love in WWII. Many of the waiters from the late 1930s to the late 1940s (known as the SRD Dark Horses) served in WWII, so losing a boyfriend in the war was a real possibility for young women during that era.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In November 2018, dormitory director Mary Mazurek and registrar Meshelle Bourne asked student Kaj Baker to meet with them to discuss guest rules. Baker was told she was no longer allowed to bring in guests for the rest of the semester after spending nights studying with her girlfriend in the SRD lounge. Baker claims Mazurek and Bourne took action because some of the residents in the dorm were not comfortable with Baker&#39;s sexual orientation despite no rule violations.</p><br>
<p>The Texas Federation of Womens Clubs Headquarters, now referred to as simply "The Mansion," or "The Fed," is a Georgian Revival mansion located on the southwest corner of 24th Street and San Gabriel Street in Austin, Texas, United States. The building was completed in 1931 to be the headquarters for the Texas Federation of Womens Clubs, with assistance from local philanthropist Clara Driscoll. It was designed by Dallas architect Henry Coke Knight.</p><br>
<p>The building sits adjacent to the historic Neill-Cochran House (1855) and is a prominent feature of the Judge&#39;s Hill neighborhood, to the west of the University of Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 24, 1985. It is one of the best remaining examples of Georgian Revival architecture in Texas. Today it is mostly used to host weddings and receptions, though every Thursday night since 1999 the Austin Swing Syndicate holds a swing dance on the 4,000 ft&sup2; sprung polished oak floors of the Texas Federation of Women&#39;s Clubs Headquarters.</p><br>
<p>University Baptist Church is a Baptist church located in Austin, Texas, USA. It is affiliated with the Alliance of Baptists, the American Baptist Churches USA, the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists, and the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was organized in 1907–1908 to serve students at the University of Texas. Originally leasing space from the Highland Presbyterian Church, the church was officially chartered on September 27, 1908, with 80 original members. The University church building was completed in 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the church absorbed members of the then-defunct Central Baptist Church, soon growing to almost 500 members. In 1916 the church purchased land at the southwest corner of 22nd Street and Guadalupe Street to construct a church building. Philadelphia architect Albert Kelsey designed the structure in the Spanish Colonial Revival style to match the University of Texas buildings across the street. In his original plans, he had included a bell tower, but it was removed due to financial constraints. The sanctuary building included, fellowship halls, pastoral offices, bible study rooms and the sanctuary. It was built to house 1,100 people and was an immediate cornerstone of the "Drag" (Guadalupe Street).</p><br>
<p>The church welcomed African Americans as members in 1943 under the leadership of Dr. Blake Smith, becoming one of the first integrated churches in the Southern Baptist Convention. The church was expelled from the Austin Baptist Association for doing so (though it was later readmitted). The church earned further notoriety in the 1970s when it began ordaining women as deacons.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the church was again expelled from the Austin Baptist Association for ordaining a gay man as deacon. The church stood by its position, and in 1997, for this and other reasons, the church voted to disaffiliate itself with the Southern Baptist Convention. In recent years the church has become known for its welcoming stance toward homosexuals and has joined several like-minded church organizations. It is affiliated with the Alliance of Baptists, the American Baptist Churches USA, the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists, and the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America.</p><br>
<p>The main church building, completed in 1921, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It features a carved stone facade facing Guadalupe Street and cathedral ceiling vaults with an excellent acoustical signature, and has hosted performances by Willie Nelson and Larry Gatlin. A student union building was added to the west in 1949, featuring a Charles Umlauf sculpture relief over the front door.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn, also known as the Pease Mansion as well as Governor Shivers’ Mansion, is a pre-Civil War mansion located at 30.2871° -97.7581° in Austin, Texas. The Greek Revival style house was owned by two Texas governors. Some notable people that have visited the mansion include Sam Houston, General George Custer, Elisabet Ney, Will Rogers, and Edith Head. Woodlawn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. Although the house faces Pease Rd, it has two separate entrances. One entrance is off Niles Rd and the other is off of Northumberland Rd, which is where the mailbox is located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Woodlawn originally consisted of 365 acre in West Austin. Then Texas State Comptroller James Shaw commissioned master builder Abner H. Cook (who also designed the Texas Governors Mansion) to build a house for him and his fiancée. Shaws fiancée later broke off the engagement, but Shaw soon found another woman that he married and they lived in the house, which was completed in 1853.</p><br>
<p>Tragedy struck when Shaw&#39;s child died at the age of two and his wife died a few months later. Shaw sold the estate to Texas governor Elisha M. Pease and his wife Lucadia Christiane Niles Pease in 1857 and Shaw moved to Galveston. The Peases named the estate Woodlawn. Pease developed most of the land surrounding Woodlawn into the present-day neighborhood of Enfield.</p><br>
<p>Four generations of the Pease family lived at Woodlawn until 1957 when Niles Graham sold the house and its three remaining acres to outgoing Texas governor Allan Shivers and his wife Marialice Shary Shivers. The Shivers moved into Woodlawn on January 15, 1957, almost 100 years to the day when the Peases first moved into Woodlawn.</p><br>
<p>On October 27, 1975, the Shivers donated Woodlawn to the University of Texas at Austin and University of Texas–Pan American with the stipulation that they could live there until their deaths (see Life estate). Allan Shivers died in 1985 and Marialice died on September 29, 1996. The University of Texas sold Woodlawn to the State of Texas in December, 1997 for $2.6 million. The proceeds endowed the Allan Shivers Chair in Law and Banking at the University of Texas School of Law and the Marialice Shivers Chair in Fine Arts at the University of Texas–Pan American.</p><br>
<p>The state bought Woodlawn as Texas Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock dreamed of making it the new Texas Governor&#39;s Mansion. Bullock died in 1999 and his dream passed with him. Since it no longer had a purpose for the estate and it was expensive to maintain, the State of Texas put Woodlawn up for sale in 2002 by sealed bid. Actress Sandra Bullock reportedly toured the home as a possible buyer but did not bid on it. Only one bid was received and it was not credible. The state then began to contact interested buyers. Austin investor and entrepreneur Jeff Sandefer signed a contract to purchase the estate in May 2002.</p><br>
<p>Today, Woodlawn is the centerpiece of the Old West Austin Historic District which consists mostly of land formerly owned by the Pease family.</p><br>
<p>The Old West Austin Historic District is a residential community in Austin, Texas, United States. It is composed of three neighborhoods located on a plateau just west of downtown Austin: Old Enfield, Pemberton Heights, and Bryker Woods. Developed between 1886 and 1953, the three historic neighborhoods stretch from Mopac Expressway east to Lamar Boulevard, and from 13th Street north to 35th Street. It borders Clarksville Historic District and the West Line Historic District to the south.</p><br>
<p>The streetcar had propelled Austins earlier local suburban development, but Enfield, Pemberton Heights, and Bryker Woods were the citys first automobile suburbs. As a well-preserved collection of early-to-mid-20th century residences, the historic district evokes the measured spread of suburban development that paralleled the city&#39;s steady growth. The three neighborhoods that together form Old West Austin were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement of Old West Austin</h2><br>
<p>For much of the 19th century, Shoal Creek and West Avenue defined the western edge of the city. Austin was planned on a 640-acre site on a bluff above the Colorado River, nestled between Shoal Creek (West Avenue) to the west and Waller Creek (East Avenue) to the east Edwin Waller in 1839. The story of the settlement of Old West Austin begins with the oldest and best-known home in the area, Woodlawn. James B. Shaw, an Irish immigrant who served as State Comptroller in Texas Governor Elisha M. Pease&#39;s administration, purchased several hundred acres of land west of Austin in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Shaw commissioned Austin architect Abner Cook to build a two-story Greek Revival mansion on his property. The house was finished in 1853, one year before Cook built the Texas Governors Mansion. Almost as soon as the building was completed Shaw abandoned the idea of living there because of family tragedies. In 1856, Governor Pease bought Woodlawn, and it remained in his family for nearly fifty years. Woodlawns adjoining acreage would eventually be sold and subdivided to create the Enfield neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Following emancipation at end of the Civil War, Texas Governor Pease sold and gave some of his plantation land to his freed black slaves. In 1871 this neighboring area came to be known as Clarksville and was legally set apart from the other areas of town specifically for the freed black slaves.</p><br>
<p>It was called Clarksville because Charles (Griffin) Clark, a land developer with an eye to reselling to the newly freed slaves, purchased a 365 acretract of land from former slaves where he founded the town of Clarksville, less than one-half mile from Woodlawn.</p><br>
<p>Other important West Austin developments during the 1870s included the establishment of the International and Great Northern Railroad, which defines the historic districts western boundary, and the establishment of Pease Park, which define the districts eastern boundary. The land was donated to the city by the Pease family. Shoal Creek is the centerpiece of Pease Park. The waterway attracted recreational use as early as the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h3>Old Enfield</h3><br>
<p>The oldest and southernmost neighborhood in the historic district is Old Enfield. Its approximate boundaries are Windsor Road on the north, Pease Park on the east, 13th Street to the south, and the Mo-Pac Expressway on the west. Originally part of the Pease familys plantation just west of Austin, the neighborhood was subdivided in 1910 by the Enfield Realty and Home Building Company. Old Enfield is home to many of the oldest colonial style-homes in Austin, including Woodlawn which was built by Texas Governors Mansion architect Abner Cook.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Old Enfield encompasses several additions platted between 1914 and 1948. Two later additions were platted on the west side of the historic district after 1948. The plan for Old Enfield is largely intact incorporating several small island parks along curvilinear streets at the edge of Pease Park.</p><br>
<h3>Pemberton Heights</h3><br>
<p>Due north of Old Enfield is the suburb of Pemberton Heights. The area that would become Pemberton Heights was acquired in 1858 by Judge John Harris, who was the attorney general for Governor Pease and husband of the daughter of Samuel Rhoads Fisher, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence. S.W. Fisher, president of the Austin Development Company, also became an owner and ultimately developed the land. The subdivision was named after James Pemberton (1723–1809), an ancestor of the Fischer family who received notoriety because of his political views during the days of the American colonies. The Fisher family went on to inherit the farm and would establish the Austin Land Company. In 1927, the company built a bridge across Shoal Creek and began development.</p><br>
<p>Between 1927 and the early 1940s, Pemberton Heights was developed in 12 sections. Pemberton Heights is primarily one to two-story single-family residences and not as many duplexes as the other neighborhoods. It has, on average, the largest houses and most spacious lots in the Old West Austin Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Over 25 structures in Pemberton Heights have been designated as Austin Historic Landmarks by the City Council including the Windsor Road Bridge, which was built in 1928. Its importance stems not only from its architectural merit, but also because prior to its construction, Pemberton Heights and other Old West Austin area residents could only access downtown by crossing Shoal Creek on the State Street Bridge, which is now a pedestrian bridge adjacent to the 34th Street Bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Bryker Woods</h3><br>
<p>Bryker Woods is the northernmost suburb of the Old West Austin Historic District. The suburb encompasses several parcels of land that were platted between 1886 and 1951. Bryker Woods experienced intense development between 1936 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1990s, the State of Texas began exploring improvement and expansion of Mopac Expressway. By 2000, Bryker Woods, Pemberton Heights, Old Enfield, and Old West Austin neighborhoods organized because of concerns over the potential expansion of Loop 1, which they believed would result in the demolition of as many as 80 houses. In 2003, they were successful in establishing the Old West Austin Historic District. One significant aspect of this historic designation is that federal law requires additional studies, review, and approval if using federal dollars on a project that could result in the demolition of properties in the district, which adds significant time and cost to the project. As federal dollars are needed for the expansion of Loop 1, this designation prevented the expansion of Loop 1 beyond its current right-of-way within these neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>Description and significance</h2><br>
<p>The area is noted for approximately 1,574 historically significant properties within its borders.</p><br>
<h2>List of significant properties</h2><br>
<p>Several properties and sites in the Old West Austin Historic District have been designated as historic Austin landmarks by the city:</p><br>
<p>Ethel Felder Webster House</p><br>
<p>Fisher-Gideon House (Pemberton Castle), 1415 Wooldridge</p><br>
<p>Splitrock (Austin, Texas)</p><br>
<p>Judge Robert Lynn Batts House</p><br>
<p>Cruchon Home, 1200 Windsor</p><br>
<p>The Lundberg Bakery  is a historic building in downtown Austin, Texas. It is located at 1006 Congress Avenue, half a block south of the Texas State Capitol grounds. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1969.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed of limestone with a brick facade, and features a large cast-iron eagle at the peak of the gabled roof overlooking Congress Avenue. The building was completed for use as a bakery in 1876. The building served as a bakery until the death of its Swedish born owner, Charles Lundberg (1835-1895), who had settled into Austin during 1872. At the time the bakery first began operations, bread was not sold wrapped or packaged. People would wait in line with cloth lined baskets to place the bread in after buying it. Short story writer William Sydney Porter frequented the bakery as he passed it to and from work while employed at the General Land Office Building.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as a bakery until 1936, and after that for a variety of purposes. The building changed hands frequently until being bought and refurbished by the Austin Heritage Society in 1962. It was threatened with demolition in 1970, when a new building was planned for the Texas Department of Transportation, but saved when excavations next door uncovered the foundations of the previous state capitol building (a temporary structure built in 1882). Following this discovery, the foundations were converted to a historical plaza, and the bakery was saved.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bakery was sold to the State of Texas which deeded the building and property to the City of Austin in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bakery and Emporium now houses the Lundberg-Maerki Historical Collection. The art gallery located on the third floor features a rotating schedule of exhibitions including artworks of local artists. The Old Bakery and Emporium operates as a consignment store spotlighting handcrafted gifts and fine art by local artisans with a visitor information center for tourist looking for fun attractions around Austin.</p><br>
<p>The Customs House Museum and Cultural Center is Tennessees second largest general interest museum. It features fine art, history, and childrens exhibits. It is located in Clarksville, TN&#39;s Downtown District on 200 South 2nd Street. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 as Clarksville Federal Building. It was established in 1984 as the Clarksville Montgomery County Museum.</p><br>
<h2>1898 building</h2><br>
<p>The 1898 portion of the Museum was originally designed for use as a Federal post office and custom house to handle the large volume of foreign mail created by the city&#39;s international tobacco business. It is built on the site of a former boarding house.</p><br>
<p>The structure was designed by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, William Martin Aiken, in the eclectic style popular to Victorian America. Aiken incorporated many architectural styles including Stick, Queen Anne, Italianate, Romanesque, Flemish and Gothic. Its highly pitched roof with large eagles on the four corners, steep gabled windows and elaborate terra cotta ornamentation combine to give importance to a relatively small building. Contrary to popular myth, the design was not inspired by the architect&#39;s visit to China.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed by Charles A. Moses of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The Wyoming Monument is an American Revolutionary War monument and grave site located in the Borough of Wyoming in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The monument marks the location of the bones of victims from the Battle of Wyoming (also known as the Wyoming Massacre), which took place on July 3, 1778. Local Patriots banded together to defend the area against a raid by Loyalist and indigenous forces. The engagement ended in defeat for the Patriots, and considerable brutality followed the battle. It was not until October 1778 that the commanding officer of Fort Wyoming (Wilkes-Barre) felt the area safe enough to return and begin recovery of the bodies.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial</h3><br>
<p>The remains were gathered and interred in a common grave, only to be exhumed at public ceremonies in 1832 — ceremonies attended by some of the then elderly survivors of the battle. In 1833, the bones were re-interred in a vault under the present monument.</p><br>
<p>Each year, beginning in 1878 for the 100th anniversary of the battle, a commemorative ceremony is held on the grounds of the monument. The ceremony is sponsored by the Wyoming Commemorative Association. Ownership of the monument is held by the Wyoming Monument Association, originally formed as the Ladies Monumental Association.</p><br>
<p>On August 2, 2008, the monument was struck by lightning, causing some damage and putting the monument in need of repairs. In 2010, the restoration began and the monument, completely repaired and restored, was rededicated at the annual celebration of the Wyoming Commemorative Association in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Monument.jpgPhoto of the Monument circa 1910</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Monument 2.jpgSketch of the Wyoming Monument circa 1860</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Battle Monument.jpgThe monument at night</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Monument Cannons mouth LuzCo PA.JPGMouth of one of the cannons at the monument</p><br>
<p>The F Street House is a historic 19th-century mansion in Washington, D.C., blocks away from the White House, that serves as the official residence of the President of the George Washington University. It is a registered landmark on the National Register of Historic Places and was previously known as the Steedman-Ray House, Alexander Ray House, and as the F Street Club.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building was constructed for USA Navy Captain Alexander Ray (1799–1878) in 1849.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased by American University in 1920 and served as the "Downtown Campus" for many years.</p><br>
<p>Laura Curtis, wife of New York lawyer James Freeman Curtis, rented the home in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the 1925 F Street Club, Inc. purchased the property and operated a private members&#39; club from the building, started by Laura M. Gross.</p><br>
<p>The Club counted many well known and influential men as regular guests, including Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, George H. W. Bush and members of their respective Administrations. The Clubhouse&#39;s popularity was boosted by being only a few blocks away from the White House.</p><br>
<p>The Clubhouse also served as a popular meeting place of the East Coast elite (in particular those who held powerful positions in the C.I.A. and the Department of State); and who hold informal meetings at the club. It was once labelled as "...the most difficult door to open in Washington D.C.". Indeed, the club was so exclusive that not even its members knew exactly who else belonged entirely. It was the place where men of power and influence dined, drank and socialized as they charted America&#39;s course according to Collier Magazine.</p><br>
<p>It was managed by a Board of Directors consisting of ten members. They were the "Old Guard," from prominent Washington, D.C., families who carefully guarded all operational aspects of the club.</p><br>
<h3>Contemporary</h3><br>
<p>The club hosted members of the most prominent families in the United States, as well as senior officials from around Washington, D.C., and beyond including the President of the World Bank Group, The Governor of the Bank of England and the Chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs.</p><br>
<p>The membership totaled about 850 socialites from their era according to Richard Casiano, the General Manager from 1982 until his retirement in 1997. Richard was first hired as a bartender on January 1, 1981, and became the General Manager of the club on July 1, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Club was operated the same as a well staffed English country manor, which included male staff wearing traditional white-tie uniforms. There was no menu and guests were served whatever was prepared for the day; however, members could order special meals in advance and for their special parties.</p><br>
<p>The F Street Club closed in 1999.</p><br>
<p>From 2000 to 2008, the mansion served as the Alumni House of The George Washington University. In July 2008, the Alumni House officially became the official residence of the President of the George Washington University.</p><br>
<p>The Morrow Plots is an experimental agricultural field at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Named for Professor George E. Morrow, it is the oldest such field in the United States and the second oldest in the world. It was established in 1876 as the first experimental corn field at an American college and continues to be used today, although with three half-acre plots, instead of the original ten. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1968. The fields are managed by the College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Morrow Plots occupy a central position on the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), between the Main Quad and the South Quad. They are bounded on the south by West Gregory Drive, the north by the Observatory, the east by the Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the west by the Undergraduate Library. The plots currently consist of three small fields, each one-fifth of an acre in size. The northernmost plot has been continuously planted in maize (corn) since 1876. The middle plot was originally planted in a rotation of corn and oats, with the oats replaced by soybeans in 1968. The southern plot was originally planted in a rotation of two years of corn, one year of oats, and three years clover; this was replaced in 1901 by a rotation of corn, oats, and clover, and in 1953 by corn, oats, and alfalfa.</p><br>
<p>It is popularly believed that the University constructed its Undergraduate Library to the west of the Plots with three stories underground, so that the library would not block the sun from the Morrow Plots. However, the University master plan at the time called for a large open plaza on that end of campus, which was an equally important reason the library was built underground.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Morrow Plots were begun in 1876 by Professor Manly Miles,</p><br>
<p>who established three half-acre fields with different crop schemes. These were expanded to ten plots in 1879 by George E. Morrow. At first, record keeping was not of the highest caliber, but by the turn of the 20th century it was clear that crop rotation was a useful component in preventing the depletion of soil quality. In 1895, the two northernmost plots were retired to accommodate the construction of an observatory, which still stands today. By the early 20th century, the number of remaining plots had been reduced to three, having been seeded to grass and later replaced by additional university facilities.</p><br>
<p>The results of the experiments which were carried out at the Morrow Plots showed that "soil quality is a vital component of agricultural productivity", and that the "use of science and technology... increased crop productivity over four-fold."</p><br>
<p>Pennypacker Mills is an American Colonial Revival mansion that is surrounded by 170 acre of farmland in Perkiomen Township, near Schwenksville, Pennsylvania. Located on the shore of the Perkiomen Creek, it is situated approximately 35 mi northwest of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Originally built circa 1720 by Hans Jost Hite, this mansion was purchased in 1747 by Peter Pennebacker, and remained privately owned by Pennypackers for eight generations.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, George Washington used Pennypacker Mills in the fall of 1777 as a headquarters prior to the Battle of Germantown, and also as a field hospital for injured soldiers after the battle.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania governor Samuel Pennypacker made the Mills his summer home during the early 1900s, and lived there for much of his term in office (1903–1907). After his term, he lived at the Mills year-round until his death in 1916. He was an avid collector of antiques and manuscripts, and many of these can still be found on display at the Mills, along with letters and orders written by George Washington.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Pennypacker Mills hosts special events such as Civil War reenactments on a regular basis, and is open to the public for tours Tuesday through Saturday from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and Sunday from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. with the last daily tour at 3:00 p.m. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>Pennypacker Mills.jpgMantle decorated for Christmas</p><br>
<p>Pennypacker&#39;s Mills.pngview in 1918</p><br>
<p>The Herman C. Timm House is a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in New Holstein, Wisconsin. The house is a significant example of Stick style architecture, a rather rare predecessor of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States. The house was the home of an original settler and prominent citizen, Herman C. Timm.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Timm came to New Holstein in 1848 from Marne, Germany, at age 14. He made his money operating a feed mill called Calumet Feeds at the north end of the block the house is on.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1873 in a Greek revival style by Kiel contractor August F. Neumann.</p><br>
<p>Local volunteers worked on restoring the house. The house&#39;s Grand Opening occurred on May 31, 1976, as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. The New Holstein Historical Museum featured an "Early Photos of New Holstein" exhibit as part of the celebration. The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The society operated the home as a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Disasters</h2><br>
<p>The house had a major roof leak that forced an end to the house tours in 1998. An architectural assessment was performed on the house and the cost to reconstruct the house was estimated between $116,020 and $126,220. Before the roof was repaired, there was a broken pipe in the dining room. The break happened in January 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and rededication</h2><br>
<p>Only two interior photographs from 1896 exist. The New Holstein Historical Society raised $1.2 million (USAD.) for restoration of the Timm House. The Jeffris Foundation of Janesville, Wisconsin, gave the Society a $562,875 grant towards the restoration.</p><br>
<p>Crown Services from nearby Kiel, Wisconsin, painted the house. It had to start painting in 2007 because winter temperatures came early in 2006. It finished the job by the July 2007 opening. The company nominated the paint job for a national paint award by Zinsser Company, and it was awarded $10,000 and its "Top Job" winner for 2007. The painters had to deal with lead paint, so worker had to have a lead abatement area to lessen lead poisoning. A minimal amount of damaged siding and trim was replaced to maintain the historic nature of the house. When paint was sprayed, it had to be back brushed to keep the hand-painted look. Two coats of chocolate-colored latex paint were applied. The Timm house paint job was featured on the cover of American Painting Contractor&#39;s March 2008 issue.</p><br>
<p>The reconstruction of the house was completed during the summer of 2007, in time for the city&#39;s Market Street Days festival. The house was rededicated on July 15, 2007. Congressman Tom Petri and state Senator Joe Leibham spoke at the rededication. The registered historic place plaque was displayed. An information sign was unveiled that is easily visible as motorists turn a corner on Highway 57 / 32. People were able to take tours of the house for the first time in nearly ten years, and the first group to tour included Petri.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house features a tower where he could relax and read newspapers. His wife Augusta sometimes slept on the porch on hot summer days beneath its copper roof. Several windows in the living room and vestibule were made from stained glass.</p><br>
<p>A 600-gallon water tank was filled in the non-freezing months providing running water for bathing, cleaning and a bathroom. A lot of the other original furnishings were sold by the family or future tenants so other period pieces were used. Tiny fragments of original wallpaper were found in most rooms during reconstruction and a Swedish company hand-made custom replica wallpaper. The three upstairs bedrooms contain donated historical items like the community&#39;s first sewing machine, a bed warmer, and a trunk.</p><br>
<p>The formal living room ceiling was hand painted and stenciled by Bryan Albert Painting Studio of Wauwatosa. An Arts & Crafts-style chandelier was added to the room when electricity was installed in 1912. The room&#39;s hardwood floor was installed diagonally which was expensive at the time. An original Eastlake-style fireplace was brought out of storage during the 1974 reconstruction and two original ceramic dogs were placed on top. Next to the living room is the master bedroom which features a closet which were rare at the time since they were taxed as an additional room.</p><br>
<p>Camp Mabry  is a military installation in Austin, Texas, housing the headquarters of the Texas Military Department, Texas Military Forces, and Texas Military Forces Museum. Established in 1892, Camp Mabry is the third-oldest active military installation in Texas, behind Fort Sam Houston and Fort Bliss. It was named for Brigadier General Woodford H. Mabry, the Adjutant General of Texas when the camp was founded. The camp was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Military functions</h2><br>
<p>Camp Mabry&#39;s Building 8 is the home to the Texas Military Department headquarters which contains the Joint Force Headquarters of the Texas Military Forces and office of the Adjutant General of Texas. It is also home to Texas Army National Guard, Texas Air National Guard and Texas State Guard headquarters and hosts the Texas Military Forces Museum.</p><br>
<p>Camp Mabry has served a variety of military purposes since its establishment. It was used as a mobilization area during the Spanish–American War, as headquarters for the Texas Defense Guard during World War II, and as a training facility for the Texas DPS and the Texas Rangers until 1953. It has also hosted the Texas National Guard&#39;s State Officer Candidate School since 1959. Camp Mabry currently hosts other branches of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces from the United States Army Reserve, the United States Navy Reserve Navy Operations Support Center (NOSC Austin) and the United States Marine Corps Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Camp Mabry&#39;s original 85 acre site, overlooking the Colorado River three miles (5 km) northwest of downtown Austin, was donated by the city to the state in 1892. It was initially a literal "camp," a space in which the Texas Volunteer Guard encamped during the summers while hosting mock battles and demonstrations for the people of Austin. In 1909 the camp was greatly enlarged by the addition of 200 acre of land purchased by the federal government for use in training the state national guard. Other land gifts brought the camp to its present size of around 375 acre by 1911. The site now adjoins the west side of Mopac Expressway.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The first constructions at the camp were grandstands and a mess shed, funded by paid admissions to the historical reenactments and events held there. In 1915 an arsenal became the first permanent structure built onsite, allowing military equipment and weapons to be moved out of storage in the capitol building. During World War I the United States Army used the camp as a training site and built several barracks and administration buildings.</p><br>
<p>From 1935 to 1943, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), under the sponsorship of the Adjutant General Department of Texas, completed a $130,000 improvement project, of which the WPA provided $92,000 for labor. The WPA did necessary repairs and “other improvements to generally restore the useful value” of 15 buildings, built structures of native limestone that included rustic walls, entrance gates and guard post, a dam, arched bridges, drainage ditches, a flagpole base, cannon bases, workshops, warehouses and storage buildings. Infrastructure features included limestone culverts, head walls, and limestone or concrete sidewalks. They constructed roads and cleared, leveled, sodded, and drained the camp.</p><br>
<p>Other facilities include the 136th Regional Training Institute, state Combined Support Maintenance Shops, the armory of the 36th Infantry Division headquarters, a clinic, a parachute packing and storage facility, and additional storage buildings. In 1992 the Texas Military Forces Museum opened on the site.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the September 11th attacks, Camp Mabry&#39;s mile-long track that sits adjacent to Mopac was a popular destination for walkers and joggers, and the field within it was used by many youth sports teams. The track and field are still available for public use, though adult visitors must present a state or federal ID at the gate.</p><br>
<h2>Weather station</h2><br>
<p>Camp Mabry has also operated an ICAO recognized weather station since 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Tenant units</h2><br>
<h3>United States Army Reserve</h3><br>
<p>321st Military Intelligence Battalion</p><br>
<h3>United States Navy Reserve</h3><br>
<p>NOSC Austin</p><br>
<h3>United States Marine Corps Reserve</h3><br>
<p>Weapons Company, 1st Battalion, 23d Marines 4th Marine Division</p><br>
<h3>Texas Army National Guard</h3><br>
<p>36th Infantry Division</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Company</p><br>
<p>36th Infantry Division Band</p><br>
<p>1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment</p><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Company</p><br>
<p>Company A, 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment</p><br>
<p>294th Quartermaster Company</p><br>
<p>71st Theater Information Operations Group</p><br>
<p>101st Information Operations Battalion</p><br>
<p>102nd Information Operations Battalion</p><br>
<h3>Texas Air National Guard</h3><br>
<p>Headquarters and Headquarters Company</p><br>
<p>The Adena Mansion is a historic house museum in Chillicothe, Ohio. It was built for Thomas Worthington by Benjamin Latrobe, and was completed in 1807. The house is located on a hilltop west of downtown Chillicothe. The property surrounding the mansion included the location of the first mound found to belong to the Adena culture and thus the Adena mansion is the namesake for the Adena people. The state coat of arms is thought to depict the view of Mount Logan from the Adena property. The Adena Mansion is open to visitors for a small fee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone mansion has historically accurate interiors, including furnishings. The grounds cover 300 acre of the original 2,000 acre estate. There is a garden area featuring kitchen herbs and heirloom vegetables, with some varieties available for purchase. A former overseer&#39;s house has also been restored and demonstrates life for German immigrants to the area.</p><br>
<p>A modern museum and education center features exhibits on the early European settlement of Ohio. Documents for indentured servants, other primary source materials and archeological finds are showcased.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Worthington recorded that he chose Adena as the name for his estate because it referred to "places remarkable for the delightfulness of their situation." The museum at Adena has an exhibit which claims Adena is based on a Hebrew word.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Adena Mansion was restored to its 19th century appearance to celebrate the Ohio Bicentennial. The estate was designated as a National Historic Landmark on February 28, 2003, primarily because it is one of the few surviving examples of Latrobe&#39;s designs.</p><br>
<p>The village of Adena in Jefferson County is named after the Adena Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Dickeyville Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places-listed community located just inside the western edge of Baltimore, Maryland, near the intersection of Interstates 70 and 695 and adjacent to Kernan Hospital. A small community of about 140 homes and a historic mill, the village is on the banks of the Gwynns Falls and lies at the start of the Gwynns Falls Trail, a 15 mi walking and biking trail that is part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network. The village includes two main roads, Wetheredsville Road and Pickwick Road, and three smaller lanes, Hillhouse Road, Tucker Lane and Sekots Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village grew up along the banks of the Gwynns Falls from the late 17th century. Among the area&#39;s first settlers was Richard Gwin, a Welshman who reputedly traded with the Algonquian Indians from 1672.</p><br>
<p>One of the first of many mills on the Gwynns Falls was built in the vicinity in 1719 by Peter Bond, Gwins son-in-law. In 1762, a gristmill and stone house was built by Wimbert Tschudi, a Swiss mill owner, and what is believed to be the ruins of this mill may still be seen on the banks of the Gwynns Falls today. In 1779, Wimberts son, Martin Tschudi, patented a nearby plot of land called Sly&#39;s Adventure. The Franklin Paper Mill followed in the early 19th century, giving its name, Franklinville, to the village. In 1829, three enterprising brothers, John, Samuel, and Charles Wethered, converted the Franklin Paper Mill to the manufacture of woolen cloth. The brothers also built the Ashland Mill on the east side of the village, in addition to some 30 stone houses for workers, a church and a school, and named the village "Wetheredville". John Wethered was elected to the United States Congress as a Whig from 1843 to 1845.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, the Wethereds sold the property and Ashland Manufacturing Company to William J. Dickey, whose family came from the market town of Ballymena in the north of Ireland. He paid $82,000 for 300 acre, three mills and many of the houses in the village.</p><br>
<p>Under Dickey, the village again prospered and expanded. Many new homes were constructed for the millhands, a Presbyterian church and a manse were built, and a village store, owned by Dickey, sold everything from buggy whips to licorice sticks. In 1887, Dickey purchased an additional fabric mill in Oella, Maryland, which remained in operation into the late 1960s. On his death in 1896, the name of the village was changed from Wetheredsville to Dickeyville. The Dickey family sold out to the Glasgow Mills in 1909, but with the decline of the textile business, work in the mills became harder to get. The Glasgow Mills closed and the formerly prosperous Dickeyville became a shanty town with a reputation for crime and low life.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the Dickey properties, which included much of the village of 81 homes, three mills and the Wethered-Dickey mansion on nearby Forest Park Avenue (the mansion has since been demolished) was sold at auction for $42,000. A local development company embarked upon the restoration of the properties. They decided that the old buildings should be preserved and only the totally unstable would be demolished. The buildings that remained might be redesigned and modernized but in such a way as to preserve their historic character. New homes must blend in unobtrusively with the old. These requirements are initially overseen by the Dickeyville Community Association, a homeowners group formed in 1938.</p><br>
<p>A 1947 advertisement for houses sold by Philip E. Lamb described Dickeyville as a racially "restricted community".</p><br>
<p>The Village was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>The red house at 5131 Wetheredsville Road (built c. 1850) was the home of Billy Ware, who served as a soldier in the Union Army in the American Civil War and carried the colors of his regiment at the Battle of Gettysburg. The stone house at 5123 Wetheredsville Road (built c. 1810) was the home of Enos Humphreys, one of the founders of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F.). One of the earliest meeting halls of that fraternal organization is still extant at 2412 Pickwick Road. The Presbyterian church 5116 Wetheredsville was founded in the 1870s and built in 1885. 5111 Wetheredsville was the home of the Ashland Mill superintendent. The springhouse and carriage house that served the property still exist at 2309 and 2305 Pickwick (respectively).</p><br>
<p>5107 Wetheredsville was built around 1810 and was, for many years, the home of the village lamplighter. The large home at 5101 Wetheredsville is the Mechanics Hall and was built in 1897 as a lodge for the Junior Order of American Mechanics, a union and fraternal organization. The building served as a village meeting hall, a concert hall for vaudeville and minstrel shows, and Madame Jolly&#39;s Waxworks, a show based on Madame Tussauds Waxworks in London before conversion to a private residence. A stage and footlights still grace one end of the main hall. Ashland Chapel, in the center of the village at 2331 Pickwick Road, was built on land given by the mill-owning Wethered family in 1849 as a house of worship for mill workers. The chapel, with its plain interior and lack of a slave gallery, became the Methodist Church. the small garden shed at one end of the property was originally a trolley stop. 5029 Wetheredsville (c. 1850) served as a home of the cow for the village dairy and a glove factory. 5027 Wetheredsville is more recent (built in the 1940s) but is known as "Little Mount Vernon" as it was designed to emulate that famous home.</p><br>
<p>5023 Wetheredsville was built in 1835 and served as the village apothecary and then as a candy store. The smaller homes at each end were built by the storekeeper for his newly married sons. 5016 Wetheredsville was the home of one of the mill-owning Wethereds; next door is the village dispensary and doctor&#39;s home, both built around 1840. The open area opposite 5017 was a trolley stop on the old Lorraine streetcar line, the railings are still visible. The nearby home at 5010 was built in 1810 for the Cherry Cough Syrup Co and later served as a tavern and a garage. 5008 Wetheredsville, built around 1865, was originally the village school. The last house on Wetheredsville road is 4901, built in 1865 for the Ashland superintendent, the grounds include the historic location of the Tschudi home. Martin Tshudi founded the first mill in the area around 1762. The graves of his wife and daughter can still be found on the hill. The Ballymena Mill (formerly the Ashland Mill) anchors this end of the village where Wetheredsville Road becomes a hiking and biking trail. The old woolen mill, built c. 1830, now houses commercial tenants.</p><br>
<p>2322 Pickwick was the home of the village shopkeeper, the old streetcar line ran inches from the corner of the home. 2332 Pickwick (c. 1832) is said to have been an Officers&#39; Quarters at Fort McHenry before the home was moved to Dickeyville. The four-story rubblestone homes at 2411 and 2407 Pickwick date from c. 1860. 2405 Pickwick ( c. 1860) was the village store. The second floor was meeting room for the YWCA. 2415 and 2417 Pickwick date from about 1870 while 2407 and 2411 date from around 1860. 2412 was built in 1853 for one of the first IOOF lodges in the USA There was a tin shop in the basement. Later, it became a general store, with a Post Office and gas station. The one-story extension to the right was the pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>2423 Pickwick, built in the General Grant style in 1872, was restored as a studio by noted Baltimore muralist R. McGill Mackall in 1932. He built a complete two-story house inside so that he could live here as well as work. The house has been occupied ever since by artists. The present owner, sculptor Barry Johnston, displays some of his bronze sculptures in the back yard. 2433 Pickwick (c.1875) was the home of Malcolm Moos, an advisor to President Dwight Eisenhower and reportedly had a direct telephone link to the White House. 2435 was built as a mill office in 1840. It also housed the village jail where offenders could be locked up in a windowless room on the first floor. In 1899, Teddy Roosevelt spoke from the wooden front steps (the main entrance to the building, now demolished). 2500 Pickwick is believed to date to 1790 and some say began as an Indian trading post. Known as "The Old Stone Row," the building served as millworker housing.</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>The Dickeyville Community Association, the Dickeyville Garden Club and the Dickeyville Poker Club maintain an active schedule of community events. Most noteworthy is the Fourth of July celebration that includes a parade around Ashland Chapel and a dinner-dance on Pickwick Road. A Halloween Bonfire night, Christmas caroling and other holiday events occur through the course of the year. The Garden Club hosts frequent lectures and meetings while the Poker Club continues its own, more recent, tradition of late night poker sessions. The village should not be confused with the "other" Dickeyville; Dickeyville, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Highland, formerly Ash Lawn–Highland, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, and adjacent to Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Monticello, was the estate of James Monroe, a Founding Father and fifth president of the United States. Purchased in 1793, Monroe and his family permanently settled on the property in 1799 and lived at Highland for twenty-five years. Personal debt forced Monroe to sell the plantation in 1825. Before and after selling Highland, Monroe spent much of his time living at the plantation house at his large Oak Hill estate near Leesburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Monroe named his Charlottesville home "Highland". For many years after Monroe&#39;s death until 2016, the house was known as Ash Lawn-Highland or merely Ash Lawn.</p><br>
<p>The estate is now owned, operated and maintained by Monroe&#39;s alma mater, the College of William & Mary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Monroe establishes Highland</h3><br>
<p>Encouraged by his close friend, Thomas Jefferson, Monroe purchased a deed for one thousand acres (4 km) of land adjacent to Monticello in 1793 for one thousand pounds from the Carter family. The land formerly had been a part of the Blenheim Plantation owned by Champe Carter. Six years later, Monroe moved his family onto the plantation, where they resided for the next twenty-five years. In 1800, Monroe described his home as: "One wooden dwelling house, the walls filled with brick. One storey high, 40 by 30 ft. Wooden Wing one storey high, 34 by 18 ft."</p><br>
<p>Over the next 16 years, Monroe continued to add onto his home, adding stone cellars and a second story to the building. He also expanded his land holdings, which at their greatest included over 3,500 acres (14 km). However, by 1815, Monroe increasingly turned to selling his land to pay for debt. By 1825, he was forced to sell Highland completely.</p><br>
<h3>Slave quarters</h3><br>
<p>Highland was a thriving plantation employing the labor of 30-40 slaves. Their housing no longer exists. Quarters for field hands were at some distance from the main house, while the domestic slaves lived closer to their Monroe&#39;s home.</p><br>
<h3>Highland after Monroe</h3><br>
<p>Edward O. Goodwin purchased Highland from Monroe at twenty dollars an acre and often referred to the property as "North Blenheim." At the time of the purchase, Monroe described Highland as containing:</p><br>
<p>a commodious dwelling house, buildings for servants and other domestic purposes, good stables, two barns with threshing machine, a grist and sawmill with houses for managers and laborers... all in good repair.</p><br>
<p>Goodwin sold the house and six hundred acres (2.4 km) in 1834 and it was sold again in 1837 to Alexander Garrett. Garrett gave the property its second name which remained with it to the present day, "Ash Lawn." Over the course of thirty years, Ash Lawn–Highland was sold numerous times until 1867, when John E. Massey purchased it. It remained in the possession of the Massey family for the next sixty-three years. In that time period, the family added to the house, whereupon it took on its present-day appearance.</p><br>
<p>Highland was sold for the last time in 1930 to philanthropist Jay Winston Johns of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Johns family soon after opened the house to public tours and upon his death in 1974, Johns willed the property to James Monroe&#39;s alma mater, the College of William and Mary.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Highland today</h3><br>
<p>The property today includes the 1818 guest house, an 1850s addition, and an 1870s Victorian style farmhouse. Also on the property are a reconstructed three-bay slave quarter, a reconstructed gable-roofed ice house, a gable-roofed overseer&#39;s cabin with an exterior end brick chimney, and a smokehouse with a pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>Highland was featured in Bob Vilas A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America and in C-SPANs Cities Tour, Charlottesville.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the name Ash Lawn-Highland was dropped, and the house was redesignated James Monroe&#39;s Highland to more clearly communicate the relationship to its first owner, President James Monroe.</p><br>
<p>Today, Highland is a 535-acre (2.2 km) working farm, museum, and a performance site for arts, operated by the College of William and Mary. It is open to the public year-round, though with limited hours from October through March.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery of larger house</h3><br>
<p>Evidence that this home, long believed to be an original wing of Monroes residence, was in fact, a guest house, surfaced when archaeologists discovered the foundations of a much larger home presumed to be Monroes home. Additional evidence for the current residence being a guest house include construction techniques that post-date Monroe moving into his mansion at the end of 1799, and dendrochronology which dates the existing structure as being made from trees harvested between 1815 and 1818.</p><br>
